June 3, 2026

Hydrochemical and quality assessment of irrigation water at the trans-himalayan high-altitude regions of Leh, Ladakh, India

A total of seventy irrigation water samples were collected from Leh, Ladakh, India, to determine their hydrochemistry profile and water quality for irrigation purposes. Water quality indices such as total hardness (TH), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), potential salinity (PS), permeability index (PI), Kelly’s ratio (KR), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), corrosivity ratio (CR), and chloroalkaline indices (CAI) were

June 3, 2026

Suitability of the Himalayan water quality for domestic and irrigation use: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The Himalayan region, a critical freshwater source for South Asia, faces increasing anthropogenic pressures, which impact water quality for domestic and agricultural uses. This study bridges a significant knowledge gap by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of 274 studies (2003–24) to evaluate heavy metals (HMs) contamination levels, health

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