Book Chapters
Honey in reproductive health management
Namrata Namrata, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*, Rajesh Kumar Jaryal
ABSTRACT. Honey, a natural and bioactive substance, has been widely recognized for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. Recent scientific investigations have highlighted its potential role in reproductive health management, offering a natural approach to fertility enhancement and protection against reproductive disorders. Rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential micronutrients, honey exerts significant protective effects against oxidative stress—a major factor implicated in male and female infertility. Its antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and hormone-modulating properties contribute to improved sperm quality, ovarian function, and overall reproductive wellness. Additionally, honey and other apicultural products, such as royal jelly and propolis, have demonstrated efficacy in mitigating reproductive toxicity caused by environmental pollutants, endocrine disruptors, and metabolic disorders. Traditional medicine and emerging clinical studies support honey’s role in alleviating menopausal symptoms, improving uterine health, and enhancing fertility outcomes. This chapter comprehensively explores the biochemical mechanisms underlying honey’s impact on reproductive health, evaluates recent scientific evidence, and discusses its potential applications as a nutraceutical for fertility enhancement and reproductive well-being.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Antiinflammatory; Micronutrients; Oxidative stress; Royal jelly
Citation: Namrata, Ajay, Deepak, Rajesh Kumar, Arup Giri*. 2026. Honey Bioavailability understanding nutritional benefits and therapeutic potential. In ‘Honey Bioavilability: Understanding Nutritional Benefits and Therapeutic Potential’ Editors: Dr. Rajesh K Jaryal, Dr. Younis Ahmad, Prof. Shamsher S Kanwar. 1, 145-158. ISBN: 9780443341472; Publisher: Elsevier; Published: 09 January 2026
Biotechnological Innovations Toward Clean Water
Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Manju Yadav, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. This book chapter presents a comprehensive exploration of transformative approaches to address the global challenge of water treatment and sanitation. This chapter begins by elucidating the “Fundamentals of Biotechnological Applications in Water Treatment,” unraveling key concepts and the pivotal roles of microorganisms and enzymes. Comparative analyses with traditional methods set the stage for a thorough examination of biotechnological solutions. Navigating through “Bioremediation Techniques,” this chapter dissects conventional and advanced methodologies, showcasing the versatility of tools such as activated carbon, membrane bioreactors, and enzyme-based treatments. The focus broadens to “Industrial Water Treatment,” exploring applications, challenges, and successful case studies, seamlessly transitioning to “Advanced Water Sanitation System Technologies,” where solar-powered filtration, desalination, nanotechnology, and more emerge as innovative pillars. Addressing societal impacts and public perception, this chapter delves into awareness, cultural considerations, and ethical implications. “Policy and Regulatory Frameworks” scrutinizes current regulations and the necessity of international collaboration. Community engagement and education emphasize the importance of grassroots involvement and education, while economic viability reflects cost-effectiveness, benefits, and investment opportunities. Through this interdisciplinary lens, the chapter weaves a narrative that transcends technological boundaries, envisioning a future where biotechnological innovations redefine water treatment and foster sustainability, accessibility, and community engagement on a global scale.
Keywords: Bioremediation; Nanotechnology; Sanitation; Sustainability; Water treatment
Citation: Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Manju Yadav, Arup Giri*. 2026. Biotechnological Innovations Toward Clean Water. In ‘Biotechnology Innovations for a Sustainable Future’ Editors: Prof. RC Sobti. Springer, Singapore. 1289-1322. ISBN: 978-981-97-9859-9; Published: 02 January 2026;
Policies and strategies to promote sustainable agricultural waste management practices
Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Arup Giri*, Rajesh Kumar, Somen Acharya
ABSTRACT. The world is now experiencing an overwhelming burden due to the increasing population. The increasing population is causing heightened wastage in every sector of society. A proper biological waste treatment technology and related policy will be incumbent for sustainable development after proper reduction of wastage. Policy related to environmental bioengineering and environmental management initiatives by the government may reduce the wastage-related burden. This chapter concluded that collaborative initiation by both industry and government would be applicable for waste treatment. However, by leveraging innovative technologies and integrated approaches based on the principles of reduction, reuse, and recycling into agricultural practices, we can transform agrarian waste from a problem into an opportunity, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system.
Keywords: Agrarian; Bioengineering; Policy; Recycling; Waste treatment
Citation: Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Arup Giri*, Rajesh Kumar, Somen Acharya. 2025. Policies and Strategies to Promote Sustainable Agricultural Waste Management Practices. In ‘Waste to Resources: Unlocking Potential Applications of Agricultural Waste’ Editors: Arup Giri, Rajesh Kumar, Sanju Bala Dhull, Somen Acharya. 1, 467-476. ISBN: 978-0-443-30246-6; Publisher: Elsevier; Published: 01 January 2026;
Water footprints of the global agriculture sector
Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Water is essential to the growth and sustainability of crops and livestock, and it is the foundation of worldwide agricultural output. This chapter explores the complex relationship between agriculture and water, emphasizing the importance of water on a worldwide scale as well as its intrinsic value. Examining the economic aspects of agricultural water use, attention is drawn to the direct effects that water availability has on food security, profitability, and productivity. The chapter shows the various ways that water management can improve agricultural outcomes and sustainability through in-depth case studies from various agricultural contexts. An extensive grasp of the current opportunities and problems in agricultural water management is provided via the discussion of important concepts such water footprints, ecological implications, and mitigation techniques for water scarcity. In order to secure the long-term viability of global agriculture, the chapter ends by highlighting the critical need for innovative technology, integrated regulatory frameworks, and sustainable water management practices. The chapter advocates for a comprehensive approach that strikes a balance between agricultural productivity, environmental protection, and economic resilience in outlining future directions for research and policy interventions.
Keywords: Crops; Food security; Water management; Water scarcity
Citation: Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Arup Giri*. 2025. Water footprints of global agriculture sector. In ‘Waste to Resources: Unlocking Potential Applications of Agricultural Waste’ Editors: Arup Giri, Rajesh Kumar, Sanju Bala Dhull, Somen Acharya. 1, 79-98. ISBN: 978-0-443-30246-6; Publisher: Elsevier; Published: 01 January 2026;
Future perspectives and challenges for designer poultry eggs production
Namrata Namrata, Yogesh Singh, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Designer poultry eggs have emerged as a novel solution to address consumer demands for nutritionally enhanced foods with specific health benefits. These eggs are enriched with essential nutrients, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, which play pivotal roles in modulating immune functions, promoting cardiovascular health, and offering a spectrum of therapeutic effects. The incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into poultry diets reduce cholesterol and lipid concentrations in egg yolks. It achieves a balanced ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids, significantly enhancing the nutritional profile of eggs. Moreover, supplementation with dietary sources such as fish oil and flaxseed has been shown to increase the levels of linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid in egg yolks, further increasing their value as functional foods. This chapter explores the advancements in designer egg production, delves into the associated health benefits, and highlights the challenges and future perspectives in aligning these innovative products with evolving consumer preferences for health-promoting diets.
Keywords: Cholesterol; Fatty acids; Fish oil; Nutrients; Omega-3 fatty acids
Citation: Namrata Namrata, Yogesh Singh, Arup Giri*. 2025. Future Perspectives and challenges for Designer Poultry Eggs Production. In ‘Designer Poultry Eggs: Innovations, Applications, and Future Outlook’ Editors: Dr. Arup Giri, Dr. Andrew Magnuson, Dr. Sahil Kalia. 1, 233-264. ISBN: 978-0-443-34262-2; Publisher: Elsevier; Published: 17 August 2025;
Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Faunal Diversity of Snow-Covered Himalayan Range
Arup Giri*, Ajay Balda, Manisha, Manju, Avilekh Naryal, Rajesh Kumar
ABSTRACT. The snow-covered Himalayan range, a realm of breathtaking grandeur and ecological significance, is the focus of this comprehensive chapter. In this exploration, this chapter embarks on a journey through the enigmatic world of the Himalayas, delving into the myriad facets of faunal diversity and the profound impact of anthropogenic activities on this fragile ecosystem. A detailed account of the Himalayan region itself, with a focus on its intricate geography and ecological diversity, follows. The Himalayan region has unique adaptations to the harsh Himalayan environment, from altitude tolerance to specialized diets; revealing the remarkable resilience of life in this challenging terrain. The critical importance of faunal diversity for ecosystem stability takes center stage as we explore trophic cascades, species interactions, and the roles of keystone species. We shed light on how Himalayan fauna, whether endangered or keystone, contribute to the complex web of ecological relationships that sustain these fragile ecosystems. The impact of tourism, urbanization, and agriculture on the Himalayan environment is analyzed in depth. We assess the extent of these interventions, identify key threats to faunal diversity, and delve into the disruptive consequences of habitat loss and pollution. Amid these challenges, rays of hope emerge as we delve into the remarkable conservation and management strategies in place. From community-based initiatives to scientific research and policy integration, the commitment to preserving this unique natural heritage is evident. Mitigation strategies to reduce the negative impact of anthropogenic activities are also presented. In conclusion, this chapter underscores the delicate balance between human needs and ecological preservation in the snow-covered Himalayan range. This chapter emphasizes the urgency of identifying knowledge gaps, integrating scientific insights into decision-making, and embracing adaptive strategies. With a shared commitment to conservation, it will be easy to secure a future where the Himalayas stand as a beacon of biodiversity, inspiring awe and reverence for generations to come.
Keywords: Conservation; Ecological diversity; Habitat loss; Keystone species; Pollution
Citation: Arup Giri*, Ajay Balda, Manisha, Manju, Avilekh Naryal, Rajesh Kumar. 2025. Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Faunal Diversity of Snow Covered Himalayan Range. In ‘Biodiversity of the Himalayas’ Editors: Dr. Rajesh Kumar & Dr. Suresh Kumar. ISBN: 9781774919903; Published: 28 October 2025;
Indian Traditional Knowledge in Relation to Animal Origin Products with Special Reference to Insects
Rajesh Kumar*, Suresh Kumar, Arup Giri, Younis Ahmad Hajam
ABSTRACT. Animals and their parts have been used in various medicinal systems around the globe since time ancient to treat various ailments and diseases by all human civilizations. Various parts of animals were given to patients as whole or in grinded form and many of these formulations proved so miraculous in curing the health issues. This therapy, known as zootherapy, became popular and constituted as an important alternative before evolving into other therapies all over the world. In the majority of drug formulations, wild animals have been used along with their by-products, such as skin, teeth, bones, etc. These products were used in Unani, Ayurveda, and Homeopathy medicine systems. Insects, like other animals, have been given due weightage for their use in various medicines. Insects being soft-bodied animals have been reported to be used either wholly or partially. Sometimes, formulations are prepared by grinding and mixing different parts of insects and given to patients along with lukewarm water or honey. The use of insects or their products for the cure of various health issues is called entomotherapy. Common insects such as ants, termites, flies, bees, beetles, bugs, grasshoppers, crickets, and spiders have been used as medicines to cure different ailments like earache, kidney stones, leprosy, skin pigmentation paralysis, vision, strengthened gums, jaundice, cardiac problems, and many others. Besides their medicinal uses, thousands of insect species have also been used as human food, in rituals, and utilized by artists, jewelers, and designers for their beauty.
Keywords: Ayurveda; Homeopathy; Honey; Leprosy; Paralysis
Citation: Rajesh Kumar*, Suresh Kumar, Arup Giri, Younis Ahmad Hajam. 2025. Indian Traditional Knowledge in Relation to Animal Origin Products with Special Reference to Insects. In ‘Biodiversity of the Himalayas’ Editors: Dr. Rajesh Kumar & Dr. Suresh Kumar. ISBN: 9781774919903; Published: 5 June 2025;
Effect of Invasive/Alien Animal Species in the Himalayan Faunal System
Younis Ahmad Hajam*, Neelam, Muddasir Basheer, Rajesh Kumar, Suresh Kumar, Arup Giri
ABSTRACT. The Himalayan region is celebrated for its diverse flora and fauna but faces threats from habitat loss, overexploitation, climate change, and natural disasters. Human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure development cause habitat fragmentation and population declines in species like snow leopards and Himalayan musk deer due to overexploitation and poaching. Climate change further disrupts habitats and migratory patterns. Natural calamities such as earthquakes, landslides, and floods also damage the region’s ecology and species. To preserve Himalayan fauna, conservation measures such as effective protected area management, community-based conservation, and conservation breeding programs have been implemented. These strategies involve creating and managing protected zones, engaging local communities in conservation efforts, promoting sustainability, and rearing endangered species in captivity for eventual reintroduction into the wild. In summary, this chapter outlines the critical threats to the Himalayan fauna and underscores the significance of conservation measures to sustain this unique biodiversity.
Keywords:
Citation: Younis Ahmad Hajam*, Neelam, Muddasir Basheer, Rajesh Kumar, Suresh Kumar, Arup Giri. 2025. Effect of Invasive/Alien Animal Species in the Himalayan Faunal System. In ‘Biodiversity of the Himalayas’ Editors: Dr. Rajesh Kumar & Dr. Suresh Kumar. ISBN: 9781774919903; Published: 28 October 2025;
Bioplastics and Biopolymers: Dreams and RealityBioplastics and Biopolymers: Dreams and Reality
Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Ajay Balda, Manju Yadav, Ikbal Mandal, Rajesh Kumar, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. In an age defined by environmental consciousness and the pursuit of sustainable solutions, this chapter embarks on a comprehensive journey through the transformative world of bioplastics and biopolymers. These remarkable materials hold the promise of revolutionizing industries, mitigating environmental damage, and shaping a more sustainable future. Beginning with an exploration of their origins, the chapter categorizes bioplastics into natural polymers, including starch-based, cellulose-based, and protein-based variants, and synthetic polymers derived from renewable resources, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polylactic acid (PLA), and polyethylene furanoate (PEF). These materials, born from nature or synthesized with ingenuity, offer biodegradability and reduced environmental impact. Delving deeper, this chapter investigates the mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of bioplastics and biopolymers, highlighting their performance relative to traditional plastics. It also examines their vital role in applications spanning packaging, consumer products, agriculture, medicine, and the automotive and aerospace sectors, where sustainability-driven innovations are reshaping industries. In the quest for sustainability, a rigorous assessment of environmental impacts is imperative. Life cycle assessments, carbon footprint analyses, and discussions of waste management and end-of-life options illuminate the path to a greener future. This chapter concludes with a glimpse into future directions, such as advances in synthesis and processing technologies, innovations enhancing bioplastics’ functionality, and their integration into circular economy models. Through this journey, “Bioplastics and Biopolymers: Dreams and Reality” unveils the dreams and realities of bioplastics and biopolymers. It exemplifies the convergence of science, innovation, and sustainability in charting a course toward a resilient and environmentally harmonious world.
Keywords: Automotive; Carbon footprint; Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Polylactic acid
Citation: Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Ajay Balda, Manju Yadav, Ikbal Mandal, Rajesh Kumar, Arup Giri*. 2025. Bioplastics and Biopolymers: Dreams and Reality. In ‘Waste Management from Trash to Treasure’ Editors: Prof. SS Kanwar & Dr. Rajesh Kumar. ISBN: 9781774919705; Published: 06 October 2025;
Cow Milk in Vedic and Ayurvedic Traditions: Benefit and Health Risk
Rahul Bhardwaj, Ajay Balda, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Poonam Mundlia, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Cow milk has been revered in Vedic and Ayurvedic traditions for centuries and is often described as amrita or the nectar of life. It is unique in Indian culture, where it is valued as a sacred offering in rituals and a cornerstone of daily nutrition and healthcare. In Ayurveda, cow milk is recognized for its rejuvenating, nourishing, and therapeutic properties, particularly in balancing the Vata and Pitta doshas. However, in modern times, the health benefits of cow milk have come under scrutiny because of its ability to degrade the environment and increase contamination of the food chain. The accumulation of heavy metals in the environment-polluted water, contaminated fodder, and industrial activity—has led to concerns about the purity and safety of cow milk. This chapter explores the dual narrative surrounding cow milk: its esteemed position in Vedic and Ayurvedic knowledge systems and its current vulnerability to contamination by heavy metals. We examine historical and scientific perspectives, outlining how milk has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine, including its integration with medicinal herbs to treat various ailments. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the contemporary challenges posed by heavy metal bioaccumulation in dairy products. The chapter concludes by synthesizing insights from both ancient wisdom and modern toxicological assessments to highlight the need for continuous monitoring and sustainable practices in dairy production. Through this integrated approach, readers will gain a deeper understanding of how cow milk can continue to serve as a valuable nutritional and medicinal resource while addressing the emerging health risks of the 21″ century.
Keywords: Ayurvedic knowledge: Ayurvedic medicine: Environmental degradation; Pitta doshas; Vata doshas
Citation: Rahul Bhardwaj, Ajay Balda, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Poonam Mundlia, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. Cow Milk in Vedic and Ayurvedic Traditions: Benefit and Health Risk. In ‘Traditional Indian Knowledge Holistic Approaches’ Editors: Sanjay Panwar, Prianka Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Arup Giri. 22-42. ISBN: 978-93-6391-077-5; Published: 5 June 2025
Harnessing Indian Traditional Knowledge for Sustainable Fish Feed Supplementation
Komal, Deepak Attri, Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Poonam Mundlia, Ajay Balda, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Aquaculture has emerged as a cornerstone of global food security, yet ensuring its long-term sustainability hinges on optimizing fish nutrition through eco-friendly and culturally relevant practices. Indian traditional knowledge (ITK) offers a rich repository of sustainable methods to significantly enhance fish feed supplementation in modern aquaculture. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of feed supplements within the framework of indigenous Indian practices, with a focus on integrating time-tested traditional knowledge with contemporary aquaculture nutrition science. This highlights how formulations such as panchagavya, fermented herbal mixtures, Ayurvedic rasayanas, and other bioactive compounds derived from local biodiversity can act as natural feed supplements. These supplements promote enhanced growth, improved immunity, optimized gut health, and better feed conversion efficiency while reducing the dependency on synthetic additives and antibiotics. The chapter also explores challenges in standardizing and scaling these traditional approaches alongside recent innovations that combine traditional wisdom with modern technologies, such as bioencapsulation and probiotics derived from native microbial flora. By tapping into India’s deep-rooted ecological and cultural heritage, fish farmers can adopt sustainable feed supplementation strategies that are cost-effective and environmentally benign and contribute to preserving indigenous knowledge systems. This chapter concludes by advocating for a holistic, integrated approach where Indian traditional knowledge complements modern fish nutrition strategies to foster sustainable aquaculture development.
Keywords: Aquaculture; Feed Supplement, Fishery: Indian Traditional Knowledge; Panchagavya
Citation: Komal, Deepak Attri, Dimple, Ruby, Poonam Mundlia, Ajay Balda, Arup Giri*. Harnessing Indian Traditional Knowledge for Sustainable Fish Feed Supplementation. In ‘Traditional Indian Knowledge Holistic Approaches’ Editors: Sanjay Panwar, Prianka Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Arup Giri. 49-77. ISBN: 978-93-6391-077-5; Published: 5 June 2025
Indian Traditional Perspectives on Goat Milk Health Benefits and Safety Concerns
Priyanka Jakhar, Dimple Dimple, Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Ajay Balda, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Goat milk, often referred to as Aja Dugdha in Sanskrit, holds a special place in Indian traditional knowledge systems, where it has been revered not only as a nourishing food but also as a potent therapeutic agent. As documented in ancient Indian scriptures such as the Vedas, Puranas, and Ayurveda, goat milk has long been recognized for its capacity to promote digestion, enhance immunity, and aid in the treatment of various ailments, including pulmonary tuberculosis, anemia, ulcers, and digestive disorders. Its close resemblance to human milk and its digestibility and bioactive compounds make it particularly suitable for those with lactose intolerance or sensitive digestion. Furthermore, Ayurvedic texts attribute rasayana (rejuvenating) properties to goat milk, highlighting its role in improving vitality and longevity. However, in contemporary times, while its nutritional and medicinal virtues continue to be acknowledged, increasing concerns have surfaced regarding the contamination of goat milk with heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, often arising from industrialization and environmental degradation. These contaminants threaten the health benefits traditionally associated with goat milk and demand stringent safety evaluations. This chapter comprehensively explores goat milk through traditional Indian perspectives, elucidating its ancient significance, therapeutic applications, and modern safety challenges, particularly in the context of environmental pollutants and food safety regulations.
Keywords: Digestibility; Health benefits; Lactose intolerance; Nutritional value
Citation: Priyanka Jakhar, Dimple Dimple, Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Ajay Balda, Arup Giri*. Indian Traditional Perspectives on Goat Milk Health Benefits and Safety Concerns. In ‘Traditional Indian Knowledge Holistic Approaches’ Editors: Sanjay Panwar, Prianka Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Arup Giri. 87-98. ISBN: 978-93-6391-077-5; Published: 5 June 2025
Gomata Ayurveda and Mastitis: The Silent Threat to Dairy Productivity and Milk Purity
Nidhi, Poonam Mundlia, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Mastitis is a widespread and complex disease that seriously threatens dairy productivity and milk quality. It affects milk production and adversely impacts animal and public health. This chapter comprehensively analyzes various aspects of mastitis, including its mechanisms, mammary gland defense systems, behavioral changes, effects on milk quality and quantity, factors influencing its occurrence, public health risks, socioeconomic implications, and detection methods. Understanding mastitis’s mechanisms and behavioral changes is crucial for early detection and effective management. The mammary gland’s defense mechanisms are critical in preventing infections, making their study essential for developing preventive strategies. Mastitis significantly affects milk quality and quantity, leading to economic losses for dairy farmers and potential public health risks. Bacterial contamination and antibiotic residues in milk can pose health hazards to consumers and contribute to the growing issue of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, accurate detection methods and appropriate treatment strategies are vital for maintaining milk quality and ensuring consumer safety. Alongside conventional veterinary approaches in the Indian knowledge system, Ayurveda provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis and management of mastitis, known as ‘Sthanika Shotha’ in Ayurvedic terminology. According to Ayurveda, mastitis is associated primarily with an imbalance of ‘Pitta‘ and ‘Kapha doshas,’ resulting in inflammation, swelling, and infection. Ayurvedic treatment focuses on restoring the body’s natural balance through detoxification, anti-inflammatory therapies, and herbal formulations such as Neem, Turmeric, Aloe Vera, and Triphala. Recent studies indicate potential genetic and epigenetic correlations with Ayurvedic ‘Prakriti types’, further reinforcing Ayurveda’s relevance in disease management. A multifaceted approach involving preventive measures, early detection, and effective management strategies is necessary to combat mastitis. This requires collaboration among veterinarians, researchers, dairy farmers, and policymakers to develop comprehensive mastitis control programs tailored to specific farm conditions. Proper hygiene, regular udder health monitoring, and improved milking techniques are essential for mastitis prevention and control. Furthermore, public awareness and education campaigns are crucial in increasing understanding and awareness of mastitis, empowering consumers to make informed choices, and supporting sustainable dairy practices. Continued research and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential for further advancements in mastitis prevention, control, and treatment, ultimately benefiting the dairy industry as a whole. Thus, mastitis, which affects animal health, milk production, and consumer safety, remains a significant challenge for the dairy industry. By implementing best practices, leveraging advanced technologies, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, it is possible to mitigate the economic losses, public health risks, and socioeconomic consequences associated with mastitis in dairy cows, promoting a more sustainable and thriving dairy industry.
Keywords: Ayurveda; Behavioural changes; Dairy cow; Indian knowledge system; Mammary gland; Mastitis
Citation: Nidhi, Poonam Mundlia, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. Gomata Ayurveda and Mastitis: The Silent Threat to Dairy Productivity and Milk Purity. In ‘Traditional Indian Knowledge Holistic Approaches’ Editors: Sanjay Panwar, Prianka Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Arup Giri. 195-217. ISBN: 978-93-6391-077-5; Published: 5 June 2025
Indian Traditional Knowledge for Cholesterol-Free Egg Production: A Holistic Approach
Jainish, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Poonam Mundlia, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Eggs constitute a cornerstone of human nutrition because of their high protein content, essential fatty acids, and bioactive compounds. However, high cholesterol levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in egg yolks, have raised concerns about cardiovascular health. While conventional methods – such as genetic selection and dietary manipulation -have been employed to reduce yolk cholesterol, Indian traditional knowledge (IKS) offers a unique, holistic, and sustainable approach. Rooted in Ayurveda and traditional farming practices, IKS integrates natural feed additives such as garlic, turmeric, fenugreek, tulsi, flaxseeds, and Triphala, which possess well-documented lipid-lowering and health-enhancing properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that incorporating such herbal supplements, alongside probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces spp., and trace minerals such as selenium and copper, effectively reduces cholesterol levels and improves egg quality. IKS emphasizes balancing animal welfare. environmental stewardship, and nutritional outcomes, making it a compelling model for sustainable poultry production. By merging IKS principles with modern dietary science, poultry farmers can produce cholesterol-free or cholesterol-reduced eggs, contributing to human health while preserving the ecological and cultural heritage of Indian agriculture.
Keywords: Ayurvedic herbs; Cholesterol management, Poultry eggs: Probiotics; Vitamins
Citation: Jainish, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Poonam Mundlia, Arup Giri*. Indian Traditional Knowledge for Cholesterol-Free Egg Production: A Holistic Approach. In ‘Traditional Indian Knowledge Holistic Approaches’ Editors: Sanjay Panwar, Prianka Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Arup Giri. 247-261. ISBN: 978-93-6391-077-5; Published: 5 June 2025
Ayurvedic and Modern Perspectives on Fish Consumption
Neelam, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Poonam Mundlia, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Fish consumption has been deeply rooted in Indian traditions, nutritional practices, and cultural systems, as reflected in Ayurveda and modern scientific approaches. Ayurveda, an integral part of the Indian Knowledge System (IKS), categorizes fish on the basis of their influence on bodily doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) and advises mindful consumption to maintain health and balance. From a modern scientific perspective, fish are recognized as excellent sources of high-quality protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and essential minerals. However, contemporary challenges such as industrialization, agricultural runoff, and urban pollution have resulted in the bioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals-lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) -in aquatic ecosystems. These contaminants compromise both fish safety and human health. This chapter explores the convergence of Ayurvedic wisdom and modern nutritional science, examining the health benefits of fish and the growing concerns related to heavy metal contamination. It also emphasizes the role of sustainable aquaculture and traditional Indian environmental practices in mitigating pollution and promoting fish safety. This chapter advocates for a holistic approach that integrates IKS principles with modern ecological management, water quality monitoring, and bioremediation techniques, ensuring balanced and safe fish consumption while preserving aquatic biodiversity and human well-being.
Keywords: Aquaculture; Ayurveda; Fish consumption; Heavy metal contamination; Sustainable fisheries
Citation: Neelam, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Poonam Mundlia, Arup Giri*. Ayurvedic and Modern Perspectives on Fish Consumption. In ‘Traditional Indian Knowledge Holistic Approaches’ Editors: Sanjay Panwar, Prianka Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Arup Giri. 276-294. ISBN: 978-93-6391-077-5; Published: 5 June 2025
Oral Microbiome and Acute Infections
Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Ajay Balda, Anil Kumar, Arup Giri*, Rajesh Kumar
ABSTRACT. The human oral cavity harbors a complex and dynamic ecosystem known as the oral microbiome, comprising a diverse array of microorganisms that play crucial roles in maintaining oral health. This intricate microbial community interacts with the host’s immune system and influences susceptibility to various acute infections, including viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases. Understanding the intricate relationship between the oral microbiome and acute infections is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies and promoting overall health and well-being. This comprehensive chapter explores the composition and dynamics of the oral microbiome, highlighting its role in immune modulation, viral infections, and acute oral diseases such as caries, periodontal diseases, mucosal infections, and halitosis. Furthermore, the chapter delves into the intriguing connections between the oral microbiome and acute systemic diseases, including gastrointestinal, respiratory, nervous, and immune system and cardiovascular disorders. Emerging therapies such as probiotics, phage therapy, and gene therapies targeting the oral microbiome are also discussed, thereby shedding light on innovative approaches to maintaining oral health and combating acute infections. The chapter concludes with a reflection on future directions and research challenges in the field of oral microbiomes, emphasizing the need for continued exploration and development of novel therapeutic interventions. By unraveling the complexities of the oral microbiome and its impact on acute infections, this chapter aims to contribute to the advancement of oral health care and disease prevention strategies.
Keywords: Caries; Gene therapies; Human oral cavity; Microorganisms; Periodontal diseases
Citation: Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Ajay Balda, Anil Kumar, Arup Giri*, Rajesh Kumar. 2025. ‘Oral microbiome and acute infections.’ In ‘Human oral microbiome: Hygine and Health’ Edtors: Dr. Shamsher Singh Kanwar & Dr. Rajesh Kumar. 1, 106-135. ISBN: 9781003478638; Publisher: CRC Press Published: 24 April 2025;
Microbial Strategies to Remove Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals from Water for Sustainable Human Civilization
Neha Rani Bhagat, Namrata Namrata, Anjali Ghai, Nibedeeta Rani Sarraf, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. The presence of organic pollutants and heavy metals in water is a major environmental issue as they can have harmful effects on human health and ecosystems. Microbial strategies offer a sustainable solution to remediate contaminated water. This chapter discusses the mechanisms by which microorganisms can remove organic pollutants and heavy metals from water, including bio attenuation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bacteria and fungi-based bioremediation, microalgae-based bioremediation, and microbial glycoconjugates-based bioremediation. The use of microbial consortia and genetic engineering approaches to enhance microbial degradation and metal uptake is also explored. Finally, the challenges and future directions of using microbial strategies for water remediation are presented. Overall, microbial strategies have great potential for providing sustainable solutions to water pollution and supporting human civilization.
Keywords: Bioremediation; Genetic engineering; Microorganisms; Microbial consortia
Citation: Neha Rani Bhagat, Namrata Namrata, Anjali Ghai, Nibedeeta Rani Sarraf, Arup Giri*. Microbial strategies to remove organic pollutants and heavy metals from water for sustainable human civilization. In ‘Biotechnological innovations and sustainable developmental goals.’ Editor: Prof. Ranbir Chander Sobti. 1, 261–298. ISBN: 978-981-97-5176-1; Publisher: CRC Press; Published: 23 September 2025;
Traditional Indian Knowledge of Camel Milk: A Path to Wellness
Varsha, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Deepak Attri, Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. For centuries, camel milk has been revered as a natural elixir across Asia and Africa, offering exceptional therapeutic and nutritional benefits. In India, camel milk is uniquely located within the traditional Indian knowledge system (IKS), particularly in Ayurveda, where it is celebrated for balancing Vata and Pitta doshas and supporting holistic wellness. The camel, a resilient animal thriving in harsh desert climates, has been an indispensable source of sustenance, contributing to livelihoods through its milk, meat, and other byproducts. Modern scientific research now substantiates the wisdom of ancient texts, revealing the rich profile of bioactive compounds, including lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, insulin-like proteins, and antioxidants such as vitamins C and vitamin E, in camel milk. These compounds play vital roles in combating diabetes, enhancing immunity, reducing inflammation, and exhibiting anticancer and antiviral properties. Traditional uses documented in Ayurvedic and folk practices also cite camel milk as a remedy for conditions such as intestinal worms, leprosy, liver disorders, tumours, and detoxification. This chapter aims to bridge ancient Indian wisdom with modern biomedical research, exploring the multifaceted health benefits of CM and its evolving role as a functional food and natural therapeutic agent.
Keywords: Ayurveda; Camel; Diseases; Health benefits; Milk; Traditional Indian knowledge system
Citation: Varsha, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Deepak Attri, Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Arup Giri*. 2025. Traditional Indian Knowledge of Camel Milk: A Path to Wellness. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 179-197. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Integrating Vedic Hydrology and Modern Science: Potentially Toxic Elements in Indian Canal Ecosystems
Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri
ABSTRACT. India’s canal ecosystems, historically rooted in indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) and later expanded through modern engineering, constitute a critical component of the country’s agricultural, hydropower, and drinking water infrastructure. Drawing from ancient Vedic hydrology, as documented in texts such as the Rigveda, Atharvaveda, and Manusmriti, traditional water management emphasized the spiritual and ecological interdependence between water, land, and life. Techniques such as natural filtration, copper vessel storage, and sacred ecological practices reveal sophisticated water conservation and purification approaches. However, the current era is characterized by escalating contamination in canal waters, primarily due to rapid industrialization, unsustainable agricultural practices, and urban runoff. This potentially results in the accumulation of toxic elements (PTEs), such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. These pollutants severely impact aquatic biodiversity, compromise human health, and degrade the ecological integrity of canal ecosystems. This chapter critically explores how ancient Vedic wisdom on water stewardship can be synergistically combined with modern hydrochemical assessment tools, pollution modelling, bioremediation, and phytoremediation strategies to address PTE contamination in Indian canals. Furthermore, it highlights successful case studies where traditional water bodies and community-based initiatives inspired by IKS principles have been revitalized for sustainable water management. By bridging the wisdom of conventional Indian hydrological practices with cutting-edge scientific approaches, this chapter proposes an integrative framework for ensuring the long-term health, resilience, and sustainability of India’s vital canal ecosystems.
Keywords: Canal ecosystem; Potentially toxic element; Sustainability; Traditional Indian knowledge system; Vedic hydrology
Citation: Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. 2025. Integrating Vedic Hydrology and Modern Science: Potentially Toxic Elements in Indian Canal Ecosystems. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 252-288. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Poultry Eggs in Indian Traditional Diets: Prospects of Health Risk and Safety
Suman Duhan, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. The poultry industry has become a cornerstone of global food security, with eggs serving as an affordable and nutrient-dense source of animal protein. Among Indian traditional diets, poultry eggs occupy a unique position due to their nutritional richness and cultural significance. Ayurveda and other Indian knowledge systems (IKSs) have long recognized the value of eggs for promoting vitality, enhancing immunity, and supporting therapeutic interventions. However, these benefits are now overshadowed by emerging concerns regarding food safety, especially due to environmental pollution and the accumulation of toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic in poultry eggs. These contaminants, which are primarily introduced through polluted feed and water, present potential health hazards ranging from neurotoxicity to organ dysfunction. Studies from India and other countries have revealed varying levels of contamination and estimated daily intake (EDI) values of essential and toxic metals, with selenium and iron often found at relatively high levels. Moreover, cadmium and cobalt are relatively less prevalent. Addressing these concerns requires an integrative approach, including stringent feed and water quality regulations, routine monitoring of poultry farms, and consumer education on food safety practices. This chapter critically examines the role of poultry eggs in traditional Indian diets through the lens of IKS while evaluating contemporary health risks and the need for effective safety protocols.
Keywords: Ayurvedic prospective; EDI; Egg quality; Heavy metals, Indian traditional diets
Citation: Suman Duhan, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. 2025. Poultry Eggs in Indian Traditional Diets: Prospects of Health Risk and Safety. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 213-233. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Indian Traditional Diets: Health Poultry Meat in Indian Risks and Ayurvedic Insights in Rohtak, Haryana
Neeraj, Ruby Ruby, Poonam Mundlia, Deepak Attri, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Poultry meat has long been embedded in traditional Indian diets because of its nutritional richness, affordability, and adaptability across diverse culinary traditions. This chapter investigates the accumulation of selected heavy metals in poultry meat—specifically chicken liver and gizzards—collected from local markets in Rohtak. Reports indicate elevated zinc concentrations, whereas the estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) values for all analysed metals remained within noncarcinogenic safety thresholds. While this may signal a low immediate health risk, prolonged exposure could pose future concerns. The Ayurvedic perspective on poultry meat (Kukkutamāṁsa) classifies it as nourishing and strength-enhancing, ideal for balancing Vata dosha, yet it is cautious of excessive consumption due to its potential to aggravate Pitta dosha. This chapter emphasizes the critical role of integrating modern toxicological assessments with traditional Ayurvedic principles for dietary recommendations. It advocates for continuous monitoring, sustainable farming, and public awareness to ensure that poultry remains a health-promoting and culturally relevant dietary choice within Indian traditional systems.
Keywords: Ayurveda; Estimated daily intake; Hazard index; Heavy metals; Kukkutamāṁsa
Citation: Neeraj, Ruby Ruby, Poonam Mundlia, Deepak Attri, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Arup Giri*. 2025. Poultry Meat in Indian Traditional Diets: Health Risks and Ayurvedic Insights in Rohtak, Haryana. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 153-169. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Golden Nectar: Unveiling Honey's Healing Touch as Nature's Immunity Booster
Namrata Balhara, Ruby Ruby, Arup Giri*, Avilekh Naryal & Rajesh Kumar
ABSTRACT This book chapter explores the potential of honey as an immunity booster to combat various immune system disorders. It focuses on the immune-enhancing properties of honey due to nutritional and nonnutritional components. The chapter begins by examining the role of the immune system and the significance of maintaining its proper functioning followed by different immune disorders. Honey has long been recognized for its therapeutic benefits and is gaining attention for its potential immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, which contribute to its immune-boosting capabilities. Honey’s immunomodulatory effects may offer promising prospects for individuals with immune-related disorders. Moreover, the chapter highlights the potential of honey in alleviating symptoms and improving outcomes in autoimmune diseases. Additionally, the chapter addresses the role of honey in hereditary and congenital deficiencies of the immune system. This book chapter provides valuable insights into the nutritional and nonnutritional components of honey, their impact on the immune system, and the potential of honey as an immunity booster. It sheds light on the immunomodulatory effects of honey and its potential applications in combating immune system disorders, overactive immune responses, autoimmune diseases, and hereditary or congenital deficiencies.
Keywords: Honey; Immune system; Antioxidant; Anti-inflammatory, Autoimmune diseases.
Citation: Namrata Balhara, Ruby, Arup Giri*, Avilekh Naryal, Rajesh Kumar 2024. “Golden Nectar: Unveiling Honey’s Healing Touch as Nature’s Immunity Booster” in “Honey in Food Science and Physiology.” Eds: Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Dr. Younis Ahmed, Dr. Sanju B Dhull, Dr. Arup Giri.. Pp. 89–119. ISBN: 978-981-97-3565-5; Publisher Springer; Published: 19 July 2024;
Threats, Challenges, and Conservation Strategies of Himalayan Faunal Biodiversity
Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri
ABSTRACT. India’s canal ecosystems, historically rooted in indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) and later expanded through modern engineering, constitute a critical component of the country’s agricultural, hydropower, and drinking water infrastructure. Drawing from ancient Vedic hydrology, as documented in texts such as the Rigveda, Atharvaveda, and Manusmriti, traditional water management emphasized the spiritual and ecological interdependence between water, land, and life. Techniques such as natural filtration, copper vessel storage, and sacred ecological practices reveal sophisticated water conservation and purification approaches. However, the current era is characterized by escalating contamination in canal waters, primarily due to rapid industrialization, unsustainable agricultural practices, and urban runoff. This potentially results in the accumulation of toxic elements (PTEs), such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. These pollutants severely impact aquatic biodiversity, compromise human health, and degrade the ecological integrity of canal ecosystems. This chapter critically explores how ancient Vedic wisdom on water stewardship can be synergistically combined with modern hydrochemical assessment tools, pollution modelling, bioremediation, and phytoremediation strategies to address PTE contamination in Indian canals. Furthermore, it highlights successful case studies where traditional water bodies and community-based initiatives inspired by IKS principles have been revitalized for sustainable water management. By bridging the wisdom of conventional Indian hydrological practices with cutting-edge scientific approaches, this chapter proposes an integrative framework for ensuring the long-term health, resilience, and sustainability of India’s vital canal ecosystems.
Keywords: Canal ecosystem; Potentially toxic element; Sustainability; Traditional Indian knowledge system; Vedic hydrology
Citation: Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. 2025. Integrating Vedic Hydrology and Modern Science: Potentially Toxic Elements in Indian Canal Ecosystems. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 252-288. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Cosmeceutical Applications of Clay Minerals
Arunima Kalita, Arup Giri, Nitish Kumar, &Pushpender Bhardwaj*
ABSTRACT Clay is a crucial cosmetic product that has been used in products such as hair products, commercial face masks, toothpaste, personal lubricants, sunscreens, various makeup products, and nail polish. The major effect of these clay minerals is in protection against the sun’s radiation, which increases their usage in cosmeceutical products. Various literature studies have reported potential biological activities, i.e., anti-aging, cleaning, preventing wrinkles, and sun protection. Some of the major clays, such as talc, kaolinite, mica, and some smectites, are routinely used in cosmetic products. In addition to these, various other phyllosilicates and modified or synthetic forms are used. For centuries, these clay minerals have been used as a natural remedy against various health conditions. Protection against radiation from the sun by clay particles and decorative effects complete the possibilities of clays in cosmetics. The present chapter specifically covers the historical and present-day uses of clays and also the marketed products that use clays in their product formulations.
Keywords: Clay minerals; Kaolinite; Mica; Phyllosilicates; Cosmetics
Citation: Arunima Kalita, Arup Giri, Nitish Kumar, Pushpender Bhardwaj. 2024. “Cosmeceutical Applications of Clay Minerals” in “Bioprospecting of Natural Sources for Cosmeceuticals,” Eds: Deepika Kathuria, Ajay Sharma, Meenakshi Verma and Gulzar Ahmad Nayik. p 276-291. ISBN: 978-1-83767-046-8; Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry; Published: 28 March 2024
Cosmeceuticals significance of hydroxybenzoic acids.
Akshya Sharma, Deepti Churungu, Arup Giri, Pushpender Bhardwaj*
ABSTRACT p-Hydroxy benzoic acid (PHBA) is a crucial member of the phenolic group of compounds acquired from natural and chemical synthesis. Various literatures have reported the potential biological activities, i.e., antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antiviral, and antiinflammatory. It has been used commercially in topical/parenteral pharmaceuticals, cosmetic products such as hair care product, commercial moisturizers, toothpaste, shaving gel, personal lubricants, various beauty products, and also has role as preservatives in various cosmetic products. In addition to these beneficial properties, some of the compounds from this class are economically efficient because of low manufacturing costs. This book chapter covers comprehensive information about its sources, synthesis, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications, safety and toxicity, formulations, marketed products, and nanoformulations about p-hydroxy benzoic acid and its potential derivatives.
Keywords: Biological activities; Antimicrobial; Antioxidant; Hypoglycemic; Antiinflammatory; Preservatives
Citation: Akshya Sharma, Deepti Churungu, Arup Giri, Pushpender Bhardwaj. 2024. Cosmeceuticals significance of hydroxybenzoic acids. In “Specilized plant metabolities as potent cosmeceuticals: present and future perspective.” Eds: Dr. Deepika kathuria, Dr. Ajay Sharma, Prof. Jesus Simal-Gandara, Dr. Meenakshi Verma. p. 99-117. ISBN: 978-0-44315-345-7; Publisher: Elsevier; Published: 9 August 2024;
Microbial strategies to remove organic pollutants and heavy metals from water for sustainable human civilization
Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri
ABSTRACT. India’s canal ecosystems, historically rooted in indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) and later expanded through modern engineering, constitute a critical component of the country’s agricultural, hydropower, and drinking water infrastructure. Drawing from ancient Vedic hydrology, as documented in texts such as the Rigveda, Atharvaveda, and Manusmriti, traditional water management emphasized the spiritual and ecological interdependence between water, land, and life. Techniques such as natural filtration, copper vessel storage, and sacred ecological practices reveal sophisticated water conservation and purification approaches. However, the current era is characterized by escalating contamination in canal waters, primarily due to rapid industrialization, unsustainable agricultural practices, and urban runoff. This potentially results in the accumulation of toxic elements (PTEs), such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. These pollutants severely impact aquatic biodiversity, compromise human health, and degrade the ecological integrity of canal ecosystems. This chapter critically explores how ancient Vedic wisdom on water stewardship can be synergistically combined with modern hydrochemical assessment tools, pollution modelling, bioremediation, and phytoremediation strategies to address PTE contamination in Indian canals. Furthermore, it highlights successful case studies where traditional water bodies and community-based initiatives inspired by IKS principles have been revitalized for sustainable water management. By bridging the wisdom of conventional Indian hydrological practices with cutting-edge scientific approaches, this chapter proposes an integrative framework for ensuring the long-term health, resilience, and sustainability of India’s vital canal ecosystems.
Keywords: Canal ecosystem; Potentially toxic element; Sustainability; Traditional Indian knowledge system; Vedic hydrology
Citation: Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. 2025. Integrating Vedic Hydrology and Modern Science: Potentially Toxic Elements in Indian Canal Ecosystems. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 252-288. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Polycystic ovarian syndrome: regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary gonadal axis and steroidogenesis, a perspective towards control of PCOS
Namrata, Manisha, Neeru, Indu Sharma, Rajesh Kumar, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT Obesity, endocrinopathies, ovarian failure, genetic causes, acquired causes, iatrogenic causes, adrenal dysfunction, oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammation, altered lifestyle, etc. have a great role in disturbing the normal hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis and steroidogenesis. All these factors cause polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in women. Sometimes, genetic alteration may also contribute to the cause of this disease. A study reported that vitamin D and calcium supplementation, flaxseed, licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root, Rhizoma coptidis, Nicker Bean, etc., have the potency to reduce the occurrence of PCOS. However, misbalance in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis due to hormonal contraceptives, lactation, insulin-sensitizing agents, reproductive development, and pregnancy is poorly understood. Therefore, a lot of research is needed to understand this enigma. This chapter emphasizes the normal homeostatic role of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axial hormones and steroidogenesis. Moreover, it discusses the various factors that cause disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and its role in the development of ovarian cysts. Further, it also discusses the various factors associated with alterations in the steroidogenic pathway. Mechanical approach and management to control PCOS have also been discussed.
Keywords: Obesity, Endocrinopathies; Oxidative stress; Inflammation; Steroidogenesis; PCOS
Citation: Namrata, Manisha, Neeru, Indu Sharma, Rajesh Kumar, Arup Giri*. 2023. “Polycystic ovarian syndrome: regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary gonadal axis and steroidogenesis, a perspective towards control of PCOS” in “Applications of Herbal Medicine for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Complementary Therapy.” Eds: Dr. DR Thakur, Dr. Seema Rai, Dr. Younis Ahmad Hajam and Dr. Rajesh Kumar, ISBN: 9781003344728; Publisher: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. Published: 31 August 2023;
Melatonin Loaded Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Diabetes
Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri
ABSTRACT. India’s canal ecosystems, historically rooted in indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) and later expanded through modern engineering, constitute a critical component of the country’s agricultural, hydropower, and drinking water infrastructure. Drawing from ancient Vedic hydrology, as documented in texts such as the Rigveda, Atharvaveda, and Manusmriti, traditional water management emphasized the spiritual and ecological interdependence between water, land, and life. Techniques such as natural filtration, copper vessel storage, and sacred ecological practices reveal sophisticated water conservation and purification approaches. However, the current era is characterized by escalating contamination in canal waters, primarily due to rapid industrialization, unsustainable agricultural practices, and urban runoff. This potentially results in the accumulation of toxic elements (PTEs), such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. These pollutants severely impact aquatic biodiversity, compromise human health, and degrade the ecological integrity of canal ecosystems. This chapter critically explores how ancient Vedic wisdom on water stewardship can be synergistically combined with modern hydrochemical assessment tools, pollution modelling, bioremediation, and phytoremediation strategies to address PTE contamination in Indian canals. Furthermore, it highlights successful case studies where traditional water bodies and community-based initiatives inspired by IKS principles have been revitalized for sustainable water management. By bridging the wisdom of conventional Indian hydrological practices with cutting-edge scientific approaches, this chapter proposes an integrative framework for ensuring the long-term health, resilience, and sustainability of India’s vital canal ecosystems.
Keywords: Canal ecosystem; Potentially toxic element; Sustainability; Traditional Indian knowledge system; Vedic hydrology
Citation: Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. 2025. Integrating Vedic Hydrology and Modern Science: Potentially Toxic Elements in Indian Canal Ecosystems. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 252-288. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Strategies for Improved Production of Microalgae-Derived Carotenoids and Pigments
Sahil Kapoor, Arup Giri, Pushpender Bhardwaj, Meenakshi Singh, Murthy Chavali & Pradeep Verma*
ABSTRACT Microalgae is considered a prodigious natural source of commercially and industrially important carotenoids and pigments. Microalgae-derived carotenoids and pigments (MDCPs) have generated immense interest in pharmaceutical industries for their pronounced biological activities. However, the extraction and production of MDCPs are inadequate because of several technological and biological constraints. Recent advances in microalgae biotechnology have opened new avenues and prospects towards the sustainable and improved production of carotenoids and pigments in a cost-effective manner. The current progress in downstream processing strategies has augmented the extraction and purification of MDCPs at an industrial scale. Therefore, this chapter focuses on highlighting the biosynthesis of carotenoids and other pigments in microalgae. Further, elaborating the production strategies based on commercially versatile cultivation systems and viable strategies for their enhanced production systems. Also, a few technological glitches and recent achievements in the production of MDCPs are covered. Finally, an overview of the recent approaches to downstream processing and diverse applications of MDCPs in the nutraceutical, food, dairy, and poultry industry are discussed.
Keywords Aquaculture; Biodiesel; Biosynthesis; Biofuels; Membrane lipids; Synechocystis
Citation: Sahil Kapoor, Arup Giri, Pushpender Bhardwaj, Meenakshi Singh. 2023. Strategies for Improved Production of Microalgae-Derived Carotenoids and Pigments. In Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology: Emerging concepts in Microbial Technology Ed: Pradeep Verma (pp. 661-693). ISBN: 978-981-99-2816-3; Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore. Published: 09 July 2023;
Effects of Endocrine Toxicants on the Growth and Metabolism of the Thyroid Gland
Yogesh Singh, Preeti Kumari, and Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT Global human health is changing. This changing pattern is caused by a changing lifestyle, contaminated food, altered drinking water quality, etc. All these agents are severe enough to damage normal human physiology after disrupting most of the endocrine glands. The thyroid gland is responsible for the synthesis of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and tetra-iodothyronine (T4) in humans. These hormones mostly regulate metabolism. This study found that a lot of substances act as thyro-endocrine disruptors like Bisphenol A, flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyl (Dioxins, furans, polycarbonate plastics, and epoxy resins), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), perfluorinated compounds (Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorononanoate (PFNA)), pharmaceuticals (Phenothiazines, methimazole, propylthiouracil, amiodarone, alemtuzumab, and imatinib), palatable (Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), household materials (Benzophenone, benzhydrol, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), homosalate (HMS), 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), nonylphenol (NP), triclosan (TCS), heavy metals (arsenic, lead, cadmium, etc.) are disrupting normal function of thyroid gland.
Keywords
Citation: Yogesh Singh, Preeti Kumari, Arup Giri*. 2023. ‘Endocrine toxicants effects on thyroid gland and growth and metabolism’. In “Environmental Endocrine Toxicants; Biology, Effects and Management.” Eds: YA Hajam, RA Bhat, KR Hakeem, R Kumar. 32, ISBN: 9781003336426; Publisher: Apple Academic Press, USA; Published: 04 August 2023;
Arisaema Jacquemontii Blume, Jacquemont’s Cobra Lily
Arunima Kalita, Ankita Sharma, Arup Giri, Nitish Kumar, Shardulya Shukla, Rajendra Kumar Singh, Neha Kaushal, Shakshi Sharma & Pushpender Bhardwaj*
ABSTRACT This chapter’s objective is to give brief information on Arisaema jacquemontii which is a high-value medicinal plant. This chapter also includes its distribution, taxonomy, brief details about its morphology, and flowering seasons. In addition to this, some details have been provided related to its cultivation. This plant has some major phytoconstituents which belong to the flavonoids, alkaloids, campesterol, glycosides, terpenes, oxalates, phenols, n-alkanes, tannins, saponins, n-alkanols sitosterols, stigmasterols, coumarins, lectins, triterpenoids, etc. The parts of the plant, i.e., fruits, roots, and rhizome have been known to be used traditionally against issues such as worm infestations, fever, stomach problems, toothache, scabies, lung infections, and menstrual illness. This plant belongs to Araceae family and known to have multiple therapeutic uses besides its use as a food. It is used as an anthelmintic, in the curing of pulmonary infections, skin swelling or irritation, and as an antagonist for snakebites. In addition, the tuber of this plant treats chronic boils, ruptured wounds, pimples, blisters, cough, respiratory tract infection in cows and buffaloes, and other skin and kidney diseases of humans. These specific properties of this plant could make it a major contributor to industrial utilization of these plants for therapeutic and other beneficial uses. The medicinal values expressed by the genus have outlaid that it would play an extensive role in the modern industry of medicinal drugs as well as in therapeutics.
Keywords
Citation: Arunima Kalita, Ankita Sharma, Arup Giri, Nitish Kumar, Shardulya Shukla, Rajender Kumar Singh, Neha Kaushal, Shakshi Sharma, Pushpender Bhardwaj. 2023. Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Jacquemont’s Cobra Lily. In “Immunity Boosting Medicinal Plants of the Western Himalayas.” Eds: Dr. Ajay Sharma and Dr. Gulzar Ahmad Nayik. ISBN: 978-981-19-9501-9; Publisher: Springer; Published: 04 August 2023;
Termitomyces clypeatus and Termitomyces heimii
Akshya Sharma, Varuna Sharma, Arup Giri, Nitish Kumar, Pushpender Bhardwaj*
ABSTRACT
Termitomyces, a wild type of mushroom fed on by termites, shows a strong symbiotic association with termites both under and above ground. Their fruiting bodies (termatorium), digestive enzymes and secreted vitamins of Termitomyces serve as a food source to hosts. Globally, among 30 genetically diverse Termitomyces species, Termitomyces heimii and Termitomyces clypeatus, have been characterized based on their vast heterogenous phylogeny, morphological traits, habitat and phenotypical appearance, such as the shape of their perforatorium, stipe length (cm), pileus length, margin and color of fruiting body, gills, flesh, annulus, pseudorrhiza and spore print. Moreover, Termitomyces also contain novel bioactive compounds shown to have therapeutic antioxidant, immunomodulator, anti-rheumatic, antitumor, antimicrobial and neuromodulator properties. Therefore, Termitomyces have long been extensively used as human food and medicine. Thus, reports on these species serve as a baseline study to gather more information and aid their cultivation and benefit sustainable economic development of this area.
Keywords
Citation: Akshya Sharma, Varuna Sharma, Arup Giri, Nitish Kumar, Pushpender Bhardwaj. 2023. “Termitomyces clypeatus and Termitomyces heimii” in “Phytochemistry and Nutritional Composition of Significant Wild Medicinal and Edible Mushrooms: Traditional Uses and Pharmacology.” Eds: Dr. Ajay Sharma, Dr. Garima Bhardwaj, Dr. Gulzar Ahmad Nayik; ISBN: 978-1-83767-209-7; Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry; Published: 30 Aug 2023;
Use of microbiological agents in upgrading waste for feed and food
Neha Rani Bhagat, Arup Giri*.
ABSTRACT Dumping of waste products from different sectors is a big problem for our environment. Dumping of untreated waste may cause pollution. Nowadays, a lot of techniques are being executed for the treatment of waste products to develop new beneficial products for our society. Microbiological waste treatment has the potential to transform waste into feed and food-related product development. Pharmaceutical, agricultural, industrial, and agrochemical waste are being treated by different microbes like Lactobacillus sp., Pediococcus sp., Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Xanthomonas sp., Aspergillus sp., Trichoderma sp., Cryptococcus albidus sp., Xanthomonas citri, etc., for feed and food development. Therefore, this microbiological treatment is an excellent technology to convert food waste to feed products.
Keywords: Microbiological treatment; Pollution
Citation: Neha Rani Bhagat, Arup Giri*. 2022. ‘Use of microbiological agents in upgrading waste for feed and food’ in “Food Processing Waste and Utilization: Tackling Pollution and Enhancing Product Recovery.” Eds: Dr. Sanju, Dr. Ajay, Dr. Pradhyuman, and Dr. Rajesh. ISBN: 978-1-03206-294-5; Publisher: CRC Press; Published: 24 October 2022;
The Treatment of Dairy Industry Waste
Shalagha Sharma, Arup Giri, Neha Rani Bhagat, Rajesh Kumar, Tilak Raj*
ABSTRACT The dairy industry is one of the largest in the food industry, producing a diverse range of products including milk, milk powder, butter, and cheese. Meanwhile, every year, approximately 4 to 11 million tonnes of dairy waste are released into the environment worldwide, and approximately 275 million tonnes of dairy waste water annually in India. Dairy waste is the most complex natural material in terms of its biodegradation. All the waste is dumped into our environment without any treatment. Ultimately, pollution is occurring, and the health of our mother nature is going to deteriorate. This book chapter reveals the different treatment processes (physical, chemical, and biological) so that dairy waste may be converted into useful products. Still, a lot of studies should be conducted on both the application of anaerobic and aerobic treatment along with physico-chemical treatment for dairy waste management.
Keywords: Dairy industry, Dairy; Biodegradation; Environment; Pollution
Citation: Shlagha Sharma, Arup Giri*, Neha Rani Bhagat, Rajesh Kumar, Tilak Raj. 2022. ‘The treatment of dairy waste’ in “Food Processing Waste and Utilization: Tackling Pollution and Enhancing Product Recovery.” Eds: Dr. Sanju B Dhul, Dr. Ajay Kumar, Dr. Pradhyuman, and Dr. Rajesh Kumar. ISBN: 978-1-03206-294-5; Publisher: CRC Press; Published: 24 October 2022;
Selenium Toxicity in Domestic Animals
Arup Giri, Puneet Ranjan, Vijay K. Bhart*
ABSTRACT Selenium (Se), even though it is an important nutrient that animals require for better growth of the skeletal and cardiac muscle, reproductive, immunological response, etc., has now become toxic due to poisoning, selenium injection, fodders grown on selenium‐toxic land, and indiscriminate minerals supplementation feeding. As early as the 13th century, the toxicity of Se was reported for the first time by Marco Polo, who found hoof disease and hair loss in horses due to toxically high levels of Se accumulated from plant consumption. Drinking water sources have recently become another key factor in the incidence of selenium toxicity in humans and animals. The increased level of Se mainly caused three types of toxicity: acute, sub‐acute, and chronic toxicity. Animal poisoning is characterized as being acute, sub‐chronic, or chronic. Toxicity of selenium depends on its chemical form, sources, route and rate of administration, characteristics of animals, etc. Some species are more prone to selenium toxicity, e.g. horses are more susceptible than cattle. Now, after numerous pieces of research, it has been found that the sources of Se toxicity in livestock animals are soil, water, feed supplements, fodders grown on selenium‐rich soil, etc. Toxicopathology depends upon the selenium concentration in blood and organs, which varies from 1 to 5 ppm across all the livestock. Sub‐chronic and chronic Se toxicity causes pathological changes mainly in skeletal muscle, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney, as mostly Se is accumulated in these organs at a higher level. Histopathological changes in animals were reported, such as disrupted endocardium layer, diffuse hemorrhages in the lungs, parenchymal layer degeneration with focal necrosis in hepatic tissues, and nephritis. Preventive measurements such as the feeding of high protein‐rich feed, dietary sulfate, methionine supplement, linseed meal, sulfur‐containing materials spray‐on fodders grown in selenium‐rich soil, clean water, etc. may be applicable. Therefore, this book chapter discusses in detail the sources, Se toxicity mechanism in livestock animal body, as well as the probable preventive measurements required to attenuate the Se toxicity, leading to better health and higher production of the livestock animals and reduction of selenium in the human food chain through milk and meat intake.
Keywords: Selenium; Toxicity; Toxicopathology
Citation: Arup Giri, Puneet Ranjan, Vijay K Bharti. 2021. ‘Selenium toxicity in livestock animals: sources, toxicopathology and control measure.’ In “Selenium: An Emerging Water Pollutant.” Eds: Pooja Devi, Pardeep Singh, Arindam Malakar, Daniel Snow. p. 51-64. ISBN: 978-1-11969-356-7; Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; Published: 08 May 2021;
Nanotechnology for Detection and Removal of Heavy Metals From Contaminated Water
Neha Rani Bhagat, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT The health of a nation depends upon the health of the ecosystem. In the current era, we witness the insult of nature like global warming and increased rate of tropical cyclogenesis. Changing climate has a significant impact on global hydrology. Plenty of water is present on our globe, but only 3% is consumable freshwater. Domestic sewage, industrial water pollution, population growth, pesticides and fertilizers, plastics and polythene bags, urbanization, ground pollution, and agricultural water pollution increased weathering process, causing the further shrinkage of freshwater quantity and quality. The research found that globally about 780 million people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water. Pollution of water is causing heavy metal contamination like Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), etc. Through the food chain, all these metals may bio-accumulate and may exert its toxic effect. Conventional methods are being used but are ineffective for wastewater treatment and purification, and removal of the pollutants is at an incomplete level. As an emerging technology, nanotechnology is the current developing sector for removing heavy metals from the water. In this modern era, to date, several nanotechnologies like carbon nanotubes, nanoscale metal, oxide, nanofibers with core-shell structure, nano-zeolites, nano-Ag, nano-magnetite, and dye-doped silica nanoparticles developed for the heavy metals remediation from the water body. In this context, this book chapter reveals the latest nanotechnology for heavy metal detection and removal from wastewater.
Keywords: Heavy metals, nanomaterials, nanotechnology, wastewater treatment
Citation: Neha Rani Bhagat, Arup Giri*. 2021. ‘Nanotechnology for detection and removal of heavy metals from contaminated water.’ In “Functionalized Nanomaterials for Catalytic Application.” Eds: Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Sudesh K. Shukla, Bindu Mangla. ISBN: 978-1-11980-897-8; Publisher: Scrivener Publishing LLC, Willey; Published: 14 June 2021;
The Sustainable Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Crude Glycerol
Neha Rani Bhagat, Preeti Kumari, Arup Giri, Geeta Gahlawat*
ABSTRACT This chapter focuses on the use of crude glycerol, an inexpensive renewable feedstock, for the economical production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) polymers. Crude glycerol is a byproduct of many industrial bioprocesses, and surplus amounts of it are released into the environment as waste, thereby necessitating the search for appropriate methods of its disposal. An intriguing solution is the conversion of crude glycerol into value-added products, such as microbial PHA polymers. PHA are biodegradable, environmentally friendly thermoplastics and elastomers that can be potentially used for numerous applications in packaging, food, and biomedical industries. This chapter includes the source of origin, their composition, and the challenges of using crude glycerol as a substrate in white biotechnology. The present chapter mainly discusses recent research related to process optimization for the production of different types of PHA and their characterization using crude glycerol. It provides an insight into the metabolic-engineering-based strategies of glycerol-based PHA production. The effect of glycerol on the molecular mass of biopolyesters and their material properties are also discussed in detail.
Keywords: Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Biodegradable; White biotechnology
Citation: Neha Rani Bhagat, Preeti Kumari, Arup Giri, Geeta Gahlawat. 2020. ‘The sustainable production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from crude glycerol.’ In ‘The Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Microbial Biosynthesis and Feedstocks.’ Eds: Martin Koller. p. 221-255. ISBN: 978-0-42-929661-1; Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group. CRC Press. Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India; Published: 04 November 2020;
Sea Buckthorn and Apricot Based Nutraceuticals
Vijay K. Bharti, Sahil Kalia, Arup Giri & Bhuvnesh Kumar*
ABSTRACT A high-altitude environment is characterized by hypobaric hypoxia, extreme temperature variation, low humidity, intense ultraviolet radiation, low rainfall, and high wind velocity. These types of extreme climatic conditions can result in oxidative stress in animals. This stress leads to a marked increase in cellular dysfunction and a decline in the production of antioxidant defense molecules which affects health and productivity of livestock especially at high altitudes. Therefore, the veterinary clinician is required to induce an upregulation of antioxidants and in the immune system to ameliorate the oxidative stress. Currently, nutraceuticals are used in nutritional therapy to manage various disease conditions and to improve productivity of pets and livestock animals. Nutraceuticals refer to natural functional foods or bioactive phytochemicals that have health-promoting and disease-preventing properties. These nutraceuticals in general contain alkaloids, flavonoids, some vitamins, trace minerals, etc. Various studies have revealed that apricot seed cake, sea buckthorn leaves, fruit pomace, and fruit pulp are rich in phytomolecules which modulate the immune system and upregulate the antioxidant defense system in broiler chicken, sheep, and goats. This chapter discusses the value of nutraceuticals and the usefulness of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) in broiler chicken health management and improvement of weight gain in high-altitude regions.
Keywords Biolistics; Herbivory; Natural Remedies; Natural Products; Nutritional Supplements; Proteins
Citation: Vijay K Bharti, Sahil Kalia, Arup Giri, Bhuvnesh Kumar. 2019. ‘Sea Buckthorn and Apricot Based Nutraceuticals. In ‘Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine’. Eds: Gupta R., Srivastava A., Lall R. p. 83-90. ISBN: 978-0-12-802147-7; Publisher: Springer, Cham. Published: 22 May 2019;
Effect of Melatonin as an Antioxidant in the Liver
Vijay K. Bharti, Arup Giri, Rajendra S. Srivastava*
ABSTRACT Melatonin, the hormone of darkness and messenger of the photoperiod, is also well known to exhibit strong direct and indirect antioxidant properties. This is important neuroendocrine secretion of pineal gland through mediation of suprachiasmatic nucleus. Melatonin has previously been demonstrated to be a powerful organ protective substance in numerous models of injury. These beneficial effects have been attributed to the hormone’s intense radical scavenging capacity and upregulation of cellular and extracellular antioxidant defense system. The present chapter reviews the hepatoprotective potential of this pineal hormone in various models of oxidative stress in vivo. Melatonin’s influence on hepatic antioxidant enzymes and other potentially relevant pathways, such as nitric oxide signaling, hepatic cytokine, and heat shock protein expression, are reviewed. Extensive studies show that melatonin may be a suitable therapeutic molecule to reduce liver damage after sepsis, hemorrhagic shock, ischemia/reperfusion, and in toxic liver injury.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Melatonin; Oxidative stress; Therapeutic molecule
Citation: Vijay K Bharti, Arup Giri, RS Srivastava. 2018. ‘Effect of melatonin as an antioxidant in the liver.’ In: The Liver: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants. editors: Vinood Patel, p. 229-238. ISBN: 978-0-12-803951-9; Publisher: Elsevier; Published: 13 April 2018;
In 2026:(2 Chapters)
Honey in reproductive health management
Namrata Namrata, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*, Rajesh Kumar Jaryal
ABSTRACT. Honey, a natural and bioactive substance, has been widely recognized for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. Recent scientific investigations have highlighted its potential role in reproductive health management, offering a natural approach to fertility enhancement and protection against reproductive disorders. Rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential micronutrients, honey exerts significant protective effects against oxidative stress—a major factor implicated in male and female infertility. Its antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and hormone-modulating properties contribute to improved sperm quality, ovarian function, and overall reproductive wellness. Additionally, honey and other apicultural products, such as royal jelly and propolis, have demonstrated efficacy in mitigating reproductive toxicity caused by environmental pollutants, endocrine disruptors, and metabolic disorders. Traditional medicine and emerging clinical studies support honey’s role in alleviating menopausal symptoms, improving uterine health, and enhancing fertility outcomes. This chapter comprehensively explores the biochemical mechanisms underlying honey’s impact on reproductive health, evaluates recent scientific evidence, and discusses its potential applications as a nutraceutical for fertility enhancement and reproductive well-being.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Antiinflammatory; Micronutrients; Oxidative stress; Royal jelly
Citation: Namrata, Ajay, Deepak, Rajesh Kumar, Arup Giri*. 2026. Honey Bioavailability understanding nutritional benefits and therapeutic potential. In ‘Honey Bioavilability: Understanding Nutritional Benefits and Therapeutic Potential’ Editors: Dr. Rajesh K Jaryal, Dr. Younis Ahmad, Prof. Shamsher S Kanwar. 1, 145-158. ISBN: 9780443341472; Publisher: Elsevier; Published: 09 January 2026
Biotechnological Innovations Toward Clean Water
Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Manju Yadav, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. This book chapter presents a comprehensive exploration of transformative approaches to address the global challenge of water treatment and sanitation. This chapter begins by elucidating the “Fundamentals of Biotechnological Applications in Water Treatment,” unraveling key concepts and the pivotal roles of microorganisms and enzymes. Comparative analyses with traditional methods set the stage for a thorough examination of biotechnological solutions. Navigating through “Bioremediation Techniques,” this chapter dissects conventional and advanced methodologies, showcasing the versatility of tools such as activated carbon, membrane bioreactors, and enzyme-based treatments. The focus broadens to “Industrial Water Treatment,” exploring applications, challenges, and successful case studies, seamlessly transitioning to “Advanced Water Sanitation System Technologies,” where solar-powered filtration, desalination, nanotechnology, and more emerge as innovative pillars. Addressing societal impacts and public perception, this chapter delves into awareness, cultural considerations, and ethical implications. “Policy and Regulatory Frameworks” scrutinizes current regulations and the necessity of international collaboration. Community engagement and education emphasize the importance of grassroots involvement and education, while economic viability reflects cost-effectiveness, benefits, and investment opportunities. Through this interdisciplinary lens, the chapter weaves a narrative that transcends technological boundaries, envisioning a future where biotechnological innovations redefine water treatment and foster sustainability, accessibility, and community engagement on a global scale.
Keywords: Bioremediation; Nanotechnology; Sanitation; Sustainability; Water treatment
Citation: Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Manju Yadav, Arup Giri*. 2026. Biotechnological Innovations Toward Clean Water. In ‘Biotechnology Innovations for a Sustainable Future’ Editors: Prof. RC Sobti. Springer, Singapore. 1289-1322. ISBN: 978-981-97-9859-9; Published: 02 January 2026;
In 2025: (22 Chapters)
Policies and strategies to promote sustainable agricultural waste management practices
Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Arup Giri*, Rajesh Kumar, Somen Acharya
ABSTRACT. The world is now experiencing an overwhelming burden due to the increasing population. The increasing population is causing heightened wastage in every sector of society. A proper biological waste treatment technology and related policy will be incumbent for sustainable development after proper reduction of wastage. Policy related to environmental bioengineering and environmental management initiatives by the government may reduce the wastage-related burden. This chapter concluded that collaborative initiation by both industry and government would be applicable for waste treatment. However, by leveraging innovative technologies and integrated approaches based on the principles of reduction, reuse, and recycling into agricultural practices, we can transform agrarian waste from a problem into an opportunity, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system.
Keywords: Agrarian; Bioengineering; Policy; Recycling; Waste treatment
Citation: Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Arup Giri*, Rajesh Kumar, Somen Acharya. 2025. Policies and Strategies to Promote Sustainable Agricultural Waste Management Practices. In ‘Waste to Resources: Unlocking Potential Applications of Agricultural Waste’ Editors: Arup Giri, Rajesh Kumar, Sanju Bala Dhull, Somen Acharya. 1, 467-476. ISBN: 978-0-443-30246-6; Publisher: Elsevier; Published: 01 January 2026;
Water footprints of the global agriculture sector
Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Water is essential to the growth and sustainability of crops and livestock, and it is the foundation of worldwide agricultural output. This chapter explores the complex relationship between agriculture and water, emphasizing the importance of water on a worldwide scale as well as its intrinsic value. Examining the economic aspects of agricultural water use, attention is drawn to the direct effects that water availability has on food security, profitability, and productivity. The chapter shows the various ways that water management can improve agricultural outcomes and sustainability through in-depth case studies from various agricultural contexts. An extensive grasp of the current opportunities and problems in agricultural water management is provided via the discussion of important concepts such water footprints, ecological implications, and mitigation techniques for water scarcity. In order to secure the long-term viability of global agriculture, the chapter ends by highlighting the critical need for innovative technology, integrated regulatory frameworks, and sustainable water management practices. The chapter advocates for a comprehensive approach that strikes a balance between agricultural productivity, environmental protection, and economic resilience in outlining future directions for research and policy interventions.
Keywords: Crops; Food security; Water management; Water scarcity
Citation: Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Arup Giri*. 2025. Water footprints of global agriculture sector. In ‘Waste to Resources: Unlocking Potential Applications of Agricultural Waste’ Editors: Arup Giri, Rajesh Kumar, Sanju Bala Dhull, Somen Acharya. 1, 79-98. ISBN: 978-0-443-30246-6; Publisher: Elsevier; Published: 01 January 2026;
Future perspectives and challenges for designer poultry eggs production
Namrata Namrata, Yogesh Singh, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Designer poultry eggs have emerged as a novel solution to address consumer demands for nutritionally enhanced foods with specific health benefits. These eggs are enriched with essential nutrients, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, which play pivotal roles in modulating immune functions, promoting cardiovascular health, and offering a spectrum of therapeutic effects. The incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into poultry diets reduce cholesterol and lipid concentrations in egg yolks. It achieves a balanced ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids, significantly enhancing the nutritional profile of eggs. Moreover, supplementation with dietary sources such as fish oil and flaxseed has been shown to increase the levels of linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid in egg yolks, further increasing their value as functional foods. This chapter explores the advancements in designer egg production, delves into the associated health benefits, and highlights the challenges and future perspectives in aligning these innovative products with evolving consumer preferences for health-promoting diets.
Keywords: Cholesterol; Fatty acids; Fish oil; Nutrients; Omega-3 fatty acids
Citation: Namrata Namrata, Yogesh Singh, Arup Giri*. 2025. Future Perspectives and challenges for Designer Poultry Eggs Production. In ‘Designer Poultry Eggs: Innovations, Applications, and Future Outlook’ Editors: Dr. Arup Giri, Dr. Andrew Magnuson, Dr. Sahil Kalia. 1, 233-264. ISBN: 978-0-443-34262-2; Publisher: Elsevier; Published: 17 August 2025;
Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Faunal Diversity of Snow-Covered Himalayan Range
Arup Giri*, Ajay Balda, Manisha, Manju, Avilekh Naryal, Rajesh Kumar
ABSTRACT. The snow-covered Himalayan range, a realm of breathtaking grandeur and ecological significance, is the focus of this comprehensive chapter. In this exploration, this chapter embarks on a journey through the enigmatic world of the Himalayas, delving into the myriad facets of faunal diversity and the profound impact of anthropogenic activities on this fragile ecosystem. A detailed account of the Himalayan region itself, with a focus on its intricate geography and ecological diversity, follows. The Himalayan region has unique adaptations to the harsh Himalayan environment, from altitude tolerance to specialized diets; revealing the remarkable resilience of life in this challenging terrain. The critical importance of faunal diversity for ecosystem stability takes center stage as we explore trophic cascades, species interactions, and the roles of keystone species. We shed light on how Himalayan fauna, whether endangered or keystone, contribute to the complex web of ecological relationships that sustain these fragile ecosystems. The impact of tourism, urbanization, and agriculture on the Himalayan environment is analyzed in depth. We assess the extent of these interventions, identify key threats to faunal diversity, and delve into the disruptive consequences of habitat loss and pollution. Amid these challenges, rays of hope emerge as we delve into the remarkable conservation and management strategies in place. From community-based initiatives to scientific research and policy integration, the commitment to preserving this unique natural heritage is evident. Mitigation strategies to reduce the negative impact of anthropogenic activities are also presented. In conclusion, this chapter underscores the delicate balance between human needs and ecological preservation in the snow-covered Himalayan range. This chapter emphasizes the urgency of identifying knowledge gaps, integrating scientific insights into decision-making, and embracing adaptive strategies. With a shared commitment to conservation, it will be easy to secure a future where the Himalayas stand as a beacon of biodiversity, inspiring awe and reverence for generations to come.
Keywords: Conservation; Ecological diversity; Habitat loss; Keystone species; Pollution
Citation: Arup Giri*, Ajay Balda, Manisha, Manju, Avilekh Naryal, Rajesh Kumar. 2025. Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Faunal Diversity of Snow Covered Himalayan Range. In ‘Biodiversity of the Himalayas’ Editors: Dr. Rajesh Kumar & Dr. Suresh Kumar. ISBN: 9781774919903; Published: 28 October 2025;
Indian Traditional Knowledge in Relation to Animal Origin Products with Special Reference to Insects
Rajesh Kumar*, Suresh Kumar, Arup Giri, Younis Ahmad Hajam
ABSTRACT. Animals and their parts have been used in various medicinal systems around the globe since time ancient to treat various ailments and diseases by all human civilizations. Various parts of animals were given to patients as whole or in grinded form and many of these formulations proved so miraculous in curing the health issues. This therapy, known as zootherapy, became popular and constituted as an important alternative before evolving into other therapies all over the world. In the majority of drug formulations, wild animals have been used along with their by-products, such as skin, teeth, bones, etc. These products were used in Unani, Ayurveda, and Homeopathy medicine systems. Insects, like other animals, have been given due weightage for their use in various medicines. Insects being soft-bodied animals have been reported to be used either wholly or partially. Sometimes, formulations are prepared by grinding and mixing different parts of insects and given to patients along with lukewarm water or honey. The use of insects or their products for the cure of various health issues is called entomotherapy. Common insects such as ants, termites, flies, bees, beetles, bugs, grasshoppers, crickets, and spiders have been used as medicines to cure different ailments like earache, kidney stones, leprosy, skin pigmentation paralysis, vision, strengthened gums, jaundice, cardiac problems, and many others. Besides their medicinal uses, thousands of insect species have also been used as human food, in rituals, and utilized by artists, jewelers, and designers for their beauty.
Keywords: Ayurveda; Homeopathy; Honey; Leprosy; Paralysis
Citation: Rajesh Kumar*, Suresh Kumar, Arup Giri, Younis Ahmad Hajam. 2025. Indian Traditional Knowledge in Relation to Animal Origin Products with Special Reference to Insects. In ‘Biodiversity of the Himalayas’ Editors: Dr. Rajesh Kumar & Dr. Suresh Kumar. ISBN: 9781774919903; Published: 5 June 2025;
Effect of Invasive/Alien Animal Species in the Himalayan Faunal System
Younis Ahmad Hajam*, Neelam, Muddasir Basheer, Rajesh Kumar, Suresh Kumar, Arup Giri
ABSTRACT. The Himalayan region is celebrated for its diverse flora and fauna but faces threats from habitat loss, overexploitation, climate change, and natural disasters. Human activities such as agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure development cause habitat fragmentation and population declines in species like snow leopards and Himalayan musk deer due to overexploitation and poaching. Climate change further disrupts habitats and migratory patterns. Natural calamities such as earthquakes, landslides, and floods also damage the region’s ecology and species. To preserve Himalayan fauna, conservation measures such as effective protected area management, community-based conservation, and conservation breeding programs have been implemented. These strategies involve creating and managing protected zones, engaging local communities in conservation efforts, promoting sustainability, and rearing endangered species in captivity for eventual reintroduction into the wild. In summary, this chapter outlines the critical threats to the Himalayan fauna and underscores the significance of conservation measures to sustain this unique biodiversity.
Keywords:
Citation: Younis Ahmad Hajam*, Neelam, Muddasir Basheer, Rajesh Kumar, Suresh Kumar, Arup Giri. 2025. Effect of Invasive/Alien Animal Species in the Himalayan Faunal System. In ‘Biodiversity of the Himalayas’ Editors: Dr. Rajesh Kumar & Dr. Suresh Kumar. ISBN: 9781774919903; Published: 28 October 2025;
Bioplastics and Biopolymers: Dreams and Reality
Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Ajay Balda, Manju Yadav, Ikbal Mandal, Rajesh Kumar, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. In an age defined by environmental consciousness and the pursuit of sustainable solutions, this chapter embarks on a comprehensive journey through the transformative world of bioplastics and biopolymers. These remarkable materials hold the promise of revolutionizing industries, mitigating environmental damage, and shaping a more sustainable future. Beginning with an exploration of their origins, the chapter categorizes bioplastics into natural polymers, including starch-based, cellulose-based, and protein-based variants, and synthetic polymers derived from renewable resources, such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polylactic acid (PLA), and polyethylene furanoate (PEF). These materials, born from nature or synthesized with ingenuity, offer biodegradability and reduced environmental impact. Delving deeper, this chapter investigates the mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of bioplastics and biopolymers, highlighting their performance relative to traditional plastics. It also examines their vital role in applications spanning packaging, consumer products, agriculture, medicine, and the automotive and aerospace sectors, where sustainability-driven innovations are reshaping industries. In the quest for sustainability, a rigorous assessment of environmental impacts is imperative. Life cycle assessments, carbon footprint analyses, and discussions of waste management and end-of-life options illuminate the path to a greener future. This chapter concludes with a glimpse into future directions, such as advances in synthesis and processing technologies, innovations enhancing bioplastics’ functionality, and their integration into circular economy models. Through this journey, “Bioplastics and Biopolymers: Dreams and Reality” unveils the dreams and realities of bioplastics and biopolymers. It exemplifies the convergence of science, innovation, and sustainability in charting a course toward a resilient and environmentally harmonious world.
Keywords: Automotive; Carbon footprint; Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Polylactic acid
Citation: Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Ajay Balda, Manju Yadav, Ikbal Mandal, Rajesh Kumar, Arup Giri*. 2025. Bioplastics and Biopolymers: Dreams and Reality. In ‘Waste Management from Trash to Treasure’ Editors: Prof. SS Kanwar & Dr. Rajesh Kumar. ISBN: 9781774919705; Published: 06 October 2025;
Cow Milk in Vedic and Ayurvedic Traditions: Benefit and Health Risk
Rahul Bhardwaj, Ajay Balda, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Poonam Mundlia, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Cow milk has been revered in Vedic and Ayurvedic traditions for centuries and is often described as amrita or the nectar of life. It is unique in Indian culture, where it is valued as a sacred offering in rituals and a cornerstone of daily nutrition and healthcare. In Ayurveda, cow milk is recognized for its rejuvenating, nourishing, and therapeutic properties, particularly in balancing the Vata and Pitta doshas. However, in modern times, the health benefits of cow milk have come under scrutiny because of its ability to degrade the environment and increase contamination of the food chain. The accumulation of heavy metals in the environment-polluted water, contaminated fodder, and industrial activity—has led to concerns about the purity and safety of cow milk. This chapter explores the dual narrative surrounding cow milk: its esteemed position in Vedic and Ayurvedic knowledge systems and its current vulnerability to contamination by heavy metals. We examine historical and scientific perspectives, outlining how milk has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine, including its integration with medicinal herbs to treat various ailments. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the contemporary challenges posed by heavy metal bioaccumulation in dairy products. The chapter concludes by synthesizing insights from both ancient wisdom and modern toxicological assessments to highlight the need for continuous monitoring and sustainable practices in dairy production. Through this integrated approach, readers will gain a deeper understanding of how cow milk can continue to serve as a valuable nutritional and medicinal resource while addressing the emerging health risks of the 21″ century.
Keywords: Ayurvedic knowledge: Ayurvedic medicine: Environmental degradation; Pitta doshas; Vata doshas
Citation: Rahul Bhardwaj, Ajay Balda, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Poonam Mundlia, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. Cow Milk in Vedic and Ayurvedic Traditions: Benefit and Health Risk. In ‘Traditional Indian Knowledge Holistic Approaches’ Editors: Sanjay Panwar, Prianka Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Arup Giri. 22-42. ISBN: 978-93-6391-077-5; Published: 5 June 2025
Harnessing Indian Traditional Knowledge for Sustainable Fish Feed Supplementation
Komal, Deepak Attri, Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Poonam Mundlia, Ajay Balda, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Aquaculture has emerged as a cornerstone of global food security, yet ensuring its long-term sustainability hinges on optimizing fish nutrition through eco-friendly and culturally relevant practices. Indian traditional knowledge (ITK) offers a rich repository of sustainable methods to significantly enhance fish feed supplementation in modern aquaculture. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of feed supplements within the framework of indigenous Indian practices, with a focus on integrating time-tested traditional knowledge with contemporary aquaculture nutrition science. This highlights how formulations such as panchagavya, fermented herbal mixtures, Ayurvedic rasayanas, and other bioactive compounds derived from local biodiversity can act as natural feed supplements. These supplements promote enhanced growth, improved immunity, optimized gut health, and better feed conversion efficiency while reducing the dependency on synthetic additives and antibiotics. The chapter also explores challenges in standardizing and scaling these traditional approaches alongside recent innovations that combine traditional wisdom with modern technologies, such as bioencapsulation and probiotics derived from native microbial flora. By tapping into India’s deep-rooted ecological and cultural heritage, fish farmers can adopt sustainable feed supplementation strategies that are cost-effective and environmentally benign and contribute to preserving indigenous knowledge systems. This chapter concludes by advocating for a holistic, integrated approach where Indian traditional knowledge complements modern fish nutrition strategies to foster sustainable aquaculture development.
Keywords: Aquaculture; Feed Supplement, Fishery: Indian Traditional Knowledge; Panchagavya
Citation: Komal, Deepak Attri, Dimple, Ruby, Poonam Mundlia, Ajay Balda, Arup Giri*. Harnessing Indian Traditional Knowledge for Sustainable Fish Feed Supplementation. In ‘Traditional Indian Knowledge Holistic Approaches’ Editors: Sanjay Panwar, Prianka Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Arup Giri. 49-77. ISBN: 978-93-6391-077-5; Published: 5 June 2025
Indian Traditional Perspectives on Goat Milk Health Benefits and Safety Concerns
Priyanka Jakhar, Dimple Dimple, Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Ajay Balda, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Goat milk, often referred to as Aja Dugdha in Sanskrit, holds a special place in Indian traditional knowledge systems, where it has been revered not only as a nourishing food but also as a potent therapeutic agent. As documented in ancient Indian scriptures such as the Vedas, Puranas, and Ayurveda, goat milk has long been recognized for its capacity to promote digestion, enhance immunity, and aid in the treatment of various ailments, including pulmonary tuberculosis, anemia, ulcers, and digestive disorders. Its close resemblance to human milk and its digestibility and bioactive compounds make it particularly suitable for those with lactose intolerance or sensitive digestion. Furthermore, Ayurvedic texts attribute rasayana (rejuvenating) properties to goat milk, highlighting its role in improving vitality and longevity. However, in contemporary times, while its nutritional and medicinal virtues continue to be acknowledged, increasing concerns have surfaced regarding the contamination of goat milk with heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, often arising from industrialization and environmental degradation. These contaminants threaten the health benefits traditionally associated with goat milk and demand stringent safety evaluations. This chapter comprehensively explores goat milk through traditional Indian perspectives, elucidating its ancient significance, therapeutic applications, and modern safety challenges, particularly in the context of environmental pollutants and food safety regulations.
Keywords: Digestibility; Health benefits; Lactose intolerance; Nutritional value
Citation: Priyanka Jakhar, Dimple Dimple, Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Ajay Balda, Arup Giri*. Indian Traditional Perspectives on Goat Milk Health Benefits and Safety Concerns. In ‘Traditional Indian Knowledge Holistic Approaches’ Editors: Sanjay Panwar, Prianka Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Arup Giri. 87-98. ISBN: 978-93-6391-077-5; Published: 5 June 2025
Gomata Ayurveda and Mastitis: The Silent Threat to Dairy Productivity and Milk Purity
Nidhi, Poonam Mundlia, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Mastitis is a widespread and complex disease that seriously threatens dairy productivity and milk quality. It affects milk production and adversely impacts animal and public health. This chapter comprehensively analyzes various aspects of mastitis, including its mechanisms, mammary gland defense systems, behavioral changes, effects on milk quality and quantity, factors influencing its occurrence, public health risks, socioeconomic implications, and detection methods. Understanding mastitis’s mechanisms and behavioral changes is crucial for early detection and effective management. The mammary gland’s defense mechanisms are critical in preventing infections, making their study essential for developing preventive strategies. Mastitis significantly affects milk quality and quantity, leading to economic losses for dairy farmers and potential public health risks. Bacterial contamination and antibiotic residues in milk can pose health hazards to consumers and contribute to the growing issue of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, accurate detection methods and appropriate treatment strategies are vital for maintaining milk quality and ensuring consumer safety. Alongside conventional veterinary approaches in the Indian knowledge system, Ayurveda provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis and management of mastitis, known as ‘Sthanika Shotha’ in Ayurvedic terminology. According to Ayurveda, mastitis is associated primarily with an imbalance of ‘Pitta‘ and ‘Kapha doshas,’ resulting in inflammation, swelling, and infection. Ayurvedic treatment focuses on restoring the body’s natural balance through detoxification, anti-inflammatory therapies, and herbal formulations such as Neem, Turmeric, Aloe Vera, and Triphala. Recent studies indicate potential genetic and epigenetic correlations with Ayurvedic ‘Prakriti types’, further reinforcing Ayurveda’s relevance in disease management. A multifaceted approach involving preventive measures, early detection, and effective management strategies is necessary to combat mastitis. This requires collaboration among veterinarians, researchers, dairy farmers, and policymakers to develop comprehensive mastitis control programs tailored to specific farm conditions. Proper hygiene, regular udder health monitoring, and improved milking techniques are essential for mastitis prevention and control. Furthermore, public awareness and education campaigns are crucial in increasing understanding and awareness of mastitis, empowering consumers to make informed choices, and supporting sustainable dairy practices. Continued research and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential for further advancements in mastitis prevention, control, and treatment, ultimately benefiting the dairy industry as a whole. Thus, mastitis, which affects animal health, milk production, and consumer safety, remains a significant challenge for the dairy industry. By implementing best practices, leveraging advanced technologies, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, it is possible to mitigate the economic losses, public health risks, and socioeconomic consequences associated with mastitis in dairy cows, promoting a more sustainable and thriving dairy industry.
Keywords: Ayurveda; Behavioural changes; Dairy cow; Indian knowledge system; Mammary gland; Mastitis
Citation: Nidhi, Poonam Mundlia, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. Gomata Ayurveda and Mastitis: The Silent Threat to Dairy Productivity and Milk Purity. In ‘Traditional Indian Knowledge Holistic Approaches’ Editors: Sanjay Panwar, Prianka Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Arup Giri. 195-217. ISBN: 978-93-6391-077-5; Published: 5 June 2025
Indian Traditional Knowledge for Cholesterol-Free Egg Production: A Holistic Approach
Jainish, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Poonam Mundlia, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Eggs constitute a cornerstone of human nutrition because of their high protein content, essential fatty acids, and bioactive compounds. However, high cholesterol levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in egg yolks, have raised concerns about cardiovascular health. While conventional methods – such as genetic selection and dietary manipulation -have been employed to reduce yolk cholesterol, Indian traditional knowledge (IKS) offers a unique, holistic, and sustainable approach. Rooted in Ayurveda and traditional farming practices, IKS integrates natural feed additives such as garlic, turmeric, fenugreek, tulsi, flaxseeds, and Triphala, which possess well-documented lipid-lowering and health-enhancing properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that incorporating such herbal supplements, alongside probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces spp., and trace minerals such as selenium and copper, effectively reduces cholesterol levels and improves egg quality. IKS emphasizes balancing animal welfare. environmental stewardship, and nutritional outcomes, making it a compelling model for sustainable poultry production. By merging IKS principles with modern dietary science, poultry farmers can produce cholesterol-free or cholesterol-reduced eggs, contributing to human health while preserving the ecological and cultural heritage of Indian agriculture.
Keywords: Ayurvedic herbs; Cholesterol management, Poultry eggs: Probiotics; Vitamins
Citation: Jainish, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Poonam Mundlia, Arup Giri*. Indian Traditional Knowledge for Cholesterol-Free Egg Production: A Holistic Approach. In ‘Traditional Indian Knowledge Holistic Approaches’ Editors: Sanjay Panwar, Prianka Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Arup Giri. 247-261. ISBN: 978-93-6391-077-5; Published: 5 June 2025
Ayurvedic and Modern Perspectives on Fish Consumption
Neelam, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Poonam Mundlia, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Fish consumption has been deeply rooted in Indian traditions, nutritional practices, and cultural systems, as reflected in Ayurveda and modern scientific approaches. Ayurveda, an integral part of the Indian Knowledge System (IKS), categorizes fish on the basis of their influence on bodily doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) and advises mindful consumption to maintain health and balance. From a modern scientific perspective, fish are recognized as excellent sources of high-quality protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and essential minerals. However, contemporary challenges such as industrialization, agricultural runoff, and urban pollution have resulted in the bioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals-lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) -in aquatic ecosystems. These contaminants compromise both fish safety and human health. This chapter explores the convergence of Ayurvedic wisdom and modern nutritional science, examining the health benefits of fish and the growing concerns related to heavy metal contamination. It also emphasizes the role of sustainable aquaculture and traditional Indian environmental practices in mitigating pollution and promoting fish safety. This chapter advocates for a holistic approach that integrates IKS principles with modern ecological management, water quality monitoring, and bioremediation techniques, ensuring balanced and safe fish consumption while preserving aquatic biodiversity and human well-being.
Keywords: Aquaculture; Ayurveda; Fish consumption; Heavy metal contamination; Sustainable fisheries
Citation: Neelam, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Poonam Mundlia, Arup Giri*. Ayurvedic and Modern Perspectives on Fish Consumption. In ‘Traditional Indian Knowledge Holistic Approaches’ Editors: Sanjay Panwar, Prianka Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Arup Giri. 276-294. ISBN: 978-93-6391-077-5; Published: 5 June 2025
Oral Microbiome and Acute Infections
Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Ajay Balda, Anil Kumar, Arup Giri*, Rajesh Kumar
ABSTRACT. The human oral cavity harbors a complex and dynamic ecosystem known as the oral microbiome, comprising a diverse array of microorganisms that play crucial roles in maintaining oral health. This intricate microbial community interacts with the host’s immune system and influences susceptibility to various acute infections, including viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases. Understanding the intricate relationship between the oral microbiome and acute infections is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies and promoting overall health and well-being. This comprehensive chapter explores the composition and dynamics of the oral microbiome, highlighting its role in immune modulation, viral infections, and acute oral diseases such as caries, periodontal diseases, mucosal infections, and halitosis. Furthermore, the chapter delves into the intriguing connections between the oral microbiome and acute systemic diseases, including gastrointestinal, respiratory, nervous, and immune system and cardiovascular disorders. Emerging therapies such as probiotics, phage therapy, and gene therapies targeting the oral microbiome are also discussed, thereby shedding light on innovative approaches to maintaining oral health and combating acute infections. The chapter concludes with a reflection on future directions and research challenges in the field of oral microbiomes, emphasizing the need for continued exploration and development of novel therapeutic interventions. By unraveling the complexities of the oral microbiome and its impact on acute infections, this chapter aims to contribute to the advancement of oral health care and disease prevention strategies.
Keywords: Caries; Gene therapies; Human oral cavity; Microorganisms; Periodontal diseases
Citation: Dimple Dimple, Ruby Ruby, Ajay Balda, Anil Kumar, Arup Giri*, Rajesh Kumar. 2025. ‘Oral microbiome and acute infections.’ In ‘Human oral microbiome: Hygine and Health’ Edtors: Dr. Shamsher Singh Kanwar & Dr. Rajesh Kumar. 1, 106-135. ISBN: 9781003478638; Publisher: CRC Press Published: 24 April 2025;
Microbial Strategies to Remove Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals from Water for Sustainable Human Civilization
Neha Rani Bhagat, Namrata Namrata, Anjali Ghai, Nibedeeta Rani Sarraf, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. The presence of organic pollutants and heavy metals in water is a major environmental issue as they can have harmful effects on human health and ecosystems. Microbial strategies offer a sustainable solution to remediate contaminated water. This chapter discusses the mechanisms by which microorganisms can remove organic pollutants and heavy metals from water, including bio attenuation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bacteria and fungi-based bioremediation, microalgae-based bioremediation, and microbial glycoconjugates-based bioremediation. The use of microbial consortia and genetic engineering approaches to enhance microbial degradation and metal uptake is also explored. Finally, the challenges and future directions of using microbial strategies for water remediation are presented. Overall, microbial strategies have great potential for providing sustainable solutions to water pollution and supporting human civilization.
Keywords: Bioremediation; Genetic engineering; Microorganisms; Microbial consortia
Citation: Neha Rani Bhagat, Namrata Namrata, Anjali Ghai, Nibedeeta Rani Sarraf, Arup Giri*. Microbial strategies to remove organic pollutants and heavy metals from water for sustainable human civilization. In ‘Biotechnological innovations and sustainable developmental goals.’ Editor: Prof. Ranbir Chander Sobti. 1, 261–298. ISBN: 978-981-97-5176-1; Publisher: CRC Press; Published: 23 September 2025;
Traditional Indian Knowledge of Camel Milk: A Path to Wellness
Varsha, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Deepak Attri, Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. For centuries, camel milk has been revered as a natural elixir across Asia and Africa, offering exceptional therapeutic and nutritional benefits. In India, camel milk is uniquely located within the traditional Indian knowledge system (IKS), particularly in Ayurveda, where it is celebrated for balancing Vata and Pitta doshas and supporting holistic wellness. The camel, a resilient animal thriving in harsh desert climates, has been an indispensable source of sustenance, contributing to livelihoods through its milk, meat, and other byproducts. Modern scientific research now substantiates the wisdom of ancient texts, revealing the rich profile of bioactive compounds, including lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, insulin-like proteins, and antioxidants such as vitamins C and vitamin E, in camel milk. These compounds play vital roles in combating diabetes, enhancing immunity, reducing inflammation, and exhibiting anticancer and antiviral properties. Traditional uses documented in Ayurvedic and folk practices also cite camel milk as a remedy for conditions such as intestinal worms, leprosy, liver disorders, tumours, and detoxification. This chapter aims to bridge ancient Indian wisdom with modern biomedical research, exploring the multifaceted health benefits of CM and its evolving role as a functional food and natural therapeutic agent.
Keywords: Ayurveda; Camel; Diseases; Health benefits; Milk; Traditional Indian knowledge system
Citation: Varsha, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Deepak Attri, Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Arup Giri*. 2025. Traditional Indian Knowledge of Camel Milk: A Path to Wellness. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 179-197. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Integrating Vedic Hydrology and Modern Science: Potentially Toxic Elements in Indian Canal Ecosystems
Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri
ABSTRACT. India’s canal ecosystems, historically rooted in indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) and later expanded through modern engineering, constitute a critical component of the country’s agricultural, hydropower, and drinking water infrastructure. Drawing from ancient Vedic hydrology, as documented in texts such as the Rigveda, Atharvaveda, and Manusmriti, traditional water management emphasized the spiritual and ecological interdependence between water, land, and life. Techniques such as natural filtration, copper vessel storage, and sacred ecological practices reveal sophisticated water conservation and purification approaches. However, the current era is characterized by escalating contamination in canal waters, primarily due to rapid industrialization, unsustainable agricultural practices, and urban runoff. This potentially results in the accumulation of toxic elements (PTEs), such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. These pollutants severely impact aquatic biodiversity, compromise human health, and degrade the ecological integrity of canal ecosystems. This chapter critically explores how ancient Vedic wisdom on water stewardship can be synergistically combined with modern hydrochemical assessment tools, pollution modelling, bioremediation, and phytoremediation strategies to address PTE contamination in Indian canals. Furthermore, it highlights successful case studies where traditional water bodies and community-based initiatives inspired by IKS principles have been revitalized for sustainable water management. By bridging the wisdom of conventional Indian hydrological practices with cutting-edge scientific approaches, this chapter proposes an integrative framework for ensuring the long-term health, resilience, and sustainability of India’s vital canal ecosystems.
Keywords: Canal ecosystem; Potentially toxic element; Sustainability; Traditional Indian knowledge system; Vedic hydrology
Citation: Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. 2025. Integrating Vedic Hydrology and Modern Science: Potentially Toxic Elements in Indian Canal Ecosystems. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 252-288. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Poultry Eggs in Indian Traditional Diets: Prospects of Health Risk and Safety
Suman Duhan, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. The poultry industry has become a cornerstone of global food security, with eggs serving as an affordable and nutrient-dense source of animal protein. Among Indian traditional diets, poultry eggs occupy a unique position due to their nutritional richness and cultural significance. Ayurveda and other Indian knowledge systems (IKSs) have long recognized the value of eggs for promoting vitality, enhancing immunity, and supporting therapeutic interventions. However, these benefits are now overshadowed by emerging concerns regarding food safety, especially due to environmental pollution and the accumulation of toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic in poultry eggs. These contaminants, which are primarily introduced through polluted feed and water, present potential health hazards ranging from neurotoxicity to organ dysfunction. Studies from India and other countries have revealed varying levels of contamination and estimated daily intake (EDI) values of essential and toxic metals, with selenium and iron often found at relatively high levels. Moreover, cadmium and cobalt are relatively less prevalent. Addressing these concerns requires an integrative approach, including stringent feed and water quality regulations, routine monitoring of poultry farms, and consumer education on food safety practices. This chapter critically examines the role of poultry eggs in traditional Indian diets through the lens of IKS while evaluating contemporary health risks and the need for effective safety protocols.
Keywords: Ayurvedic prospective; EDI; Egg quality; Heavy metals, Indian traditional diets
Citation: Suman Duhan, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. 2025. Poultry Eggs in Indian Traditional Diets: Prospects of Health Risk and Safety. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 213-233. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Indian Traditional Diets: Health Poultry Meat in Indian Risks and Ayurvedic Insights in Rohtak, Haryana
Neeraj, Ruby Ruby, Poonam Mundlia, Deepak Attri, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT. Poultry meat has long been embedded in traditional Indian diets because of its nutritional richness, affordability, and adaptability across diverse culinary traditions. This chapter investigates the accumulation of selected heavy metals in poultry meat—specifically chicken liver and gizzards—collected from local markets in Rohtak. Reports indicate elevated zinc concentrations, whereas the estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) values for all analysed metals remained within noncarcinogenic safety thresholds. While this may signal a low immediate health risk, prolonged exposure could pose future concerns. The Ayurvedic perspective on poultry meat (Kukkutamāṁsa) classifies it as nourishing and strength-enhancing, ideal for balancing Vata dosha, yet it is cautious of excessive consumption due to its potential to aggravate Pitta dosha. This chapter emphasizes the critical role of integrating modern toxicological assessments with traditional Ayurvedic principles for dietary recommendations. It advocates for continuous monitoring, sustainable farming, and public awareness to ensure that poultry remains a health-promoting and culturally relevant dietary choice within Indian traditional systems.
Keywords: Ayurveda; Estimated daily intake; Hazard index; Heavy metals; Kukkutamāṁsa
Citation: Neeraj, Ruby Ruby, Poonam Mundlia, Deepak Attri, Ajay Balda, Dimple Dimple, Arup Giri*. 2025. Poultry Meat in Indian Traditional Diets: Health Risks and Ayurvedic Insights in Rohtak, Haryana. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 153-169. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Threats, Challenges, and Conservation Strategies of Himalayan Faunal Biodiversity
Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri
ABSTRACT. India’s canal ecosystems, historically rooted in indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) and later expanded through modern engineering, constitute a critical component of the country’s agricultural, hydropower, and drinking water infrastructure. Drawing from ancient Vedic hydrology, as documented in texts such as the Rigveda, Atharvaveda, and Manusmriti, traditional water management emphasized the spiritual and ecological interdependence between water, land, and life. Techniques such as natural filtration, copper vessel storage, and sacred ecological practices reveal sophisticated water conservation and purification approaches. However, the current era is characterized by escalating contamination in canal waters, primarily due to rapid industrialization, unsustainable agricultural practices, and urban runoff. This potentially results in the accumulation of toxic elements (PTEs), such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. These pollutants severely impact aquatic biodiversity, compromise human health, and degrade the ecological integrity of canal ecosystems. This chapter critically explores how ancient Vedic wisdom on water stewardship can be synergistically combined with modern hydrochemical assessment tools, pollution modelling, bioremediation, and phytoremediation strategies to address PTE contamination in Indian canals. Furthermore, it highlights successful case studies where traditional water bodies and community-based initiatives inspired by IKS principles have been revitalized for sustainable water management. By bridging the wisdom of conventional Indian hydrological practices with cutting-edge scientific approaches, this chapter proposes an integrative framework for ensuring the long-term health, resilience, and sustainability of India’s vital canal ecosystems.
Keywords: Canal ecosystem; Potentially toxic element; Sustainability; Traditional Indian knowledge system; Vedic hydrology
Citation: Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. 2025. Integrating Vedic Hydrology and Modern Science: Potentially Toxic Elements in Indian Canal Ecosystems. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 252-288. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Microbial strategies to remove organic pollutants and heavy metals from water for sustainable human civilization
Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri
ABSTRACT. India’s canal ecosystems, historically rooted in indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) and later expanded through modern engineering, constitute a critical component of the country’s agricultural, hydropower, and drinking water infrastructure. Drawing from ancient Vedic hydrology, as documented in texts such as the Rigveda, Atharvaveda, and Manusmriti, traditional water management emphasized the spiritual and ecological interdependence between water, land, and life. Techniques such as natural filtration, copper vessel storage, and sacred ecological practices reveal sophisticated water conservation and purification approaches. However, the current era is characterized by escalating contamination in canal waters, primarily due to rapid industrialization, unsustainable agricultural practices, and urban runoff. This potentially results in the accumulation of toxic elements (PTEs), such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. These pollutants severely impact aquatic biodiversity, compromise human health, and degrade the ecological integrity of canal ecosystems. This chapter critically explores how ancient Vedic wisdom on water stewardship can be synergistically combined with modern hydrochemical assessment tools, pollution modelling, bioremediation, and phytoremediation strategies to address PTE contamination in Indian canals. Furthermore, it highlights successful case studies where traditional water bodies and community-based initiatives inspired by IKS principles have been revitalized for sustainable water management. By bridging the wisdom of conventional Indian hydrological practices with cutting-edge scientific approaches, this chapter proposes an integrative framework for ensuring the long-term health, resilience, and sustainability of India’s vital canal ecosystems.
Keywords: Canal ecosystem; Potentially toxic element; Sustainability; Traditional Indian knowledge system; Vedic hydrology
Citation: Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. 2025. Integrating Vedic Hydrology and Modern Science: Potentially Toxic Elements in Indian Canal Ecosystems. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 252-288. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
Melatonin Loaded Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Diabetes
Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri
ABSTRACT. India’s canal ecosystems, historically rooted in indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) and later expanded through modern engineering, constitute a critical component of the country’s agricultural, hydropower, and drinking water infrastructure. Drawing from ancient Vedic hydrology, as documented in texts such as the Rigveda, Atharvaveda, and Manusmriti, traditional water management emphasized the spiritual and ecological interdependence between water, land, and life. Techniques such as natural filtration, copper vessel storage, and sacred ecological practices reveal sophisticated water conservation and purification approaches. However, the current era is characterized by escalating contamination in canal waters, primarily due to rapid industrialization, unsustainable agricultural practices, and urban runoff. This potentially results in the accumulation of toxic elements (PTEs), such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. These pollutants severely impact aquatic biodiversity, compromise human health, and degrade the ecological integrity of canal ecosystems. This chapter critically explores how ancient Vedic wisdom on water stewardship can be synergistically combined with modern hydrochemical assessment tools, pollution modelling, bioremediation, and phytoremediation strategies to address PTE contamination in Indian canals. Furthermore, it highlights successful case studies where traditional water bodies and community-based initiatives inspired by IKS principles have been revitalized for sustainable water management. By bridging the wisdom of conventional Indian hydrological practices with cutting-edge scientific approaches, this chapter proposes an integrative framework for ensuring the long-term health, resilience, and sustainability of India’s vital canal ecosystems.
Keywords: Canal ecosystem; Potentially toxic element; Sustainability; Traditional Indian knowledge system; Vedic hydrology
Citation: Poonam Mundlia, Ruby Ruby, Dimple Dimple, Ajay Balda, Deepak Attri, Arup Giri*. 2025. Integrating Vedic Hydrology and Modern Science: Potentially Toxic Elements in Indian Canal Ecosystems. In ‘Decoding Indian Knowledge System: A Journey through Science and Wisdom’ Editors: Dr. Manisha Dhiman, Dr. Rupesh Kumar, Prof. Manoj Verma. 1, 252-288. ISBN: 9789391385491; Publisher: Corvette Press, New Delhi, India. Published: 5 June 2025
In 2024:(3 Chapters)
Golden Nectar: Unveiling Honey's Healing Touch as Nature's Immunity Booster
Namrata Balhara, Ruby Ruby, Arup Giri*, Avilekh Naryal & Rajesh Kumar
ABSTRACT This book chapter explores the potential of honey as an immunity booster to combat various immune system disorders. It focuses on the immune-enhancing properties of honey due to nutritional and nonnutritional components. The chapter begins by examining the role of the immune system and the significance of maintaining its proper functioning followed by different immune disorders. Honey has long been recognized for its therapeutic benefits and is gaining attention for its potential immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, which contribute to its immune-boosting capabilities. Honey’s immunomodulatory effects may offer promising prospects for individuals with immune-related disorders. Moreover, the chapter highlights the potential of honey in alleviating symptoms and improving outcomes in autoimmune diseases. Additionally, the chapter addresses the role of honey in hereditary and congenital deficiencies of the immune system. This book chapter provides valuable insights into the nutritional and nonnutritional components of honey, their impact on the immune system, and the potential of honey as an immunity booster. It sheds light on the immunomodulatory effects of honey and its potential applications in combating immune system disorders, overactive immune responses, autoimmune diseases, and hereditary or congenital deficiencies.
Keywords: Honey; Immune system; Antioxidant; Anti-inflammatory, Autoimmune diseases.
Citation: Namrata Balhara, Ruby, Arup Giri*, Avilekh Naryal, Rajesh Kumar 2024. “Golden Nectar: Unveiling Honey’s Healing Touch as Nature’s Immunity Booster” in “Honey in Food Science and Physiology.” Eds: Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Dr. Younis Ahmed, Dr. Sanju B Dhull, Dr. Arup Giri.. Pp. 89–119. ISBN: 978-981-97-3565-5; Publisher Springer; Published: 19 July 2024;
Cosmeceutical Applications of Clay Minerals
Arunima Kalita, Arup Giri, Nitish Kumar, &Pushpender Bhardwaj*
ABSTRACT Clay is a crucial cosmetic product that has been used in products such as hair products, commercial face masks, toothpaste, personal lubricants, sunscreens, various makeup products, and nail polish. The major effect of these clay minerals is in protection against the sun’s radiation, which increases their usage in cosmeceutical products. Various literature studies have reported potential biological activities, i.e., anti-aging, cleaning, preventing wrinkles, and sun protection. Some of the major clays, such as talc, kaolinite, mica, and some smectites, are routinely used in cosmetic products. In addition to these, various other phyllosilicates and modified or synthetic forms are used. For centuries, these clay minerals have been used as a natural remedy against various health conditions. Protection against radiation from the sun by clay particles and decorative effects complete the possibilities of clays in cosmetics. The present chapter specifically covers the historical and present-day uses of clays and also the marketed products that use clays in their product formulations.
Keywords: Clay minerals; Kaolinite; Mica; Phyllosilicates; Cosmetics
Citation: Arunima Kalita, Arup Giri, Nitish Kumar, Pushpender Bhardwaj. 2024. “Cosmeceutical Applications of Clay Minerals” in “Bioprospecting of Natural Sources for Cosmeceuticals,” Eds: Deepika Kathuria, Ajay Sharma, Meenakshi Verma and Gulzar Ahmad Nayik. p 276-291. ISBN: 978-1-83767-046-8; Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry; Published: 28 March 2024
Cosmeceuticals significance of hydroxybenzoic acids.
Akshya Sharma, Deepti Churungu, Arup Giri, Pushpender Bhardwaj*
ABSTRACT p-Hydroxy benzoic acid (PHBA) is a crucial member of the phenolic group of compounds acquired from natural and chemical synthesis. Various literatures have reported the potential biological activities, i.e., antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antiviral, and antiinflammatory. It has been used commercially in topical/parenteral pharmaceuticals, cosmetic products such as hair care product, commercial moisturizers, toothpaste, shaving gel, personal lubricants, various beauty products, and also has role as preservatives in various cosmetic products. In addition to these beneficial properties, some of the compounds from this class are economically efficient because of low manufacturing costs. This book chapter covers comprehensive information about its sources, synthesis, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications, safety and toxicity, formulations, marketed products, and nanoformulations about p-hydroxy benzoic acid and its potential derivatives.
Keywords: Biological activities; Antimicrobial; Antioxidant; Hypoglycemic; Antiinflammatory; Preservatives
Citation: Akshya Sharma, Deepti Churungu, Arup Giri, Pushpender Bhardwaj. 2024. Cosmeceuticals significance of hydroxybenzoic acids. In “Specilized plant metabolities as potent cosmeceuticals: present and future perspective.” Eds: Dr. Deepika kathuria, Dr. Ajay Sharma, Prof. Jesus Simal-Gandara, Dr. Meenakshi Verma. p. 99-117. ISBN: 978-0-44315-345-7; Publisher: Elsevier; Published: 9 August 2024;
In 2023:(5 Chapters)
Polycystic ovarian syndrome: regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary gonadal axis and steroidogenesis, a perspective towards control of PCOS
Namrata, Manisha, Neeru, Indu Sharma, Rajesh Kumar, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT Obesity, endocrinopathies, ovarian failure, genetic causes, acquired causes, iatrogenic causes, adrenal dysfunction, oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammation, altered lifestyle, etc. have a great role in disturbing the normal hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis and steroidogenesis. All these factors cause polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in women. Sometimes, genetic alteration may also contribute to the cause of this disease. A study reported that vitamin D and calcium supplementation, flaxseed, licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root, Rhizoma coptidis, Nicker Bean, etc., have the potency to reduce the occurrence of PCOS. However, misbalance in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis due to hormonal contraceptives, lactation, insulin-sensitizing agents, reproductive development, and pregnancy is poorly understood. Therefore, a lot of research is needed to understand this enigma. This chapter emphasizes the normal homeostatic role of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axial hormones and steroidogenesis. Moreover, it discusses the various factors that cause disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and its role in the development of ovarian cysts. Further, it also discusses the various factors associated with alterations in the steroidogenic pathway. Mechanical approach and management to control PCOS have also been discussed.
Keywords: Obesity, Endocrinopathies; Oxidative stress; Inflammation; Steroidogenesis; PCOS
Citation: Namrata, Manisha, Neeru, Indu Sharma, Rajesh Kumar, Arup Giri*. 2023. “Polycystic ovarian syndrome: regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary gonadal axis and steroidogenesis, a perspective towards control of PCOS” in “Applications of Herbal Medicine for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Complementary Therapy.” Eds: Dr. DR Thakur, Dr. Seema Rai, Dr. Younis Ahmad Hajam and Dr. Rajesh Kumar, ISBN: 9781003344728; Publisher: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. Published: 31 August 2023;
Strategies for Improved Production of Microalgae-Derived Carotenoids and Pigments
Sahil Kapoor, Arup Giri, Pushpender Bhardwaj, Meenakshi Singh, Murthy Chavali & Pradeep Verma*
ABSTRACT Microalgae is considered a prodigious natural source of commercially and industrially important carotenoids and pigments. Microalgae-derived carotenoids and pigments (MDCPs) have generated immense interest in pharmaceutical industries for their pronounced biological activities. However, the extraction and production of MDCPs are inadequate because of several technological and biological constraints. Recent advances in microalgae biotechnology have opened new avenues and prospects towards the sustainable and improved production of carotenoids and pigments in a cost-effective manner. The current progress in downstream processing strategies has augmented the extraction and purification of MDCPs at an industrial scale. Therefore, this chapter focuses on highlighting the biosynthesis of carotenoids and other pigments in microalgae. Further, elaborating the production strategies based on commercially versatile cultivation systems and viable strategies for their enhanced production systems. Also, a few technological glitches and recent achievements in the production of MDCPs are covered. Finally, an overview of the recent approaches to downstream processing and diverse applications of MDCPs in the nutraceutical, food, dairy, and poultry industry are discussed.
Keywords Aquaculture; Biodiesel; Biosynthesis; Biofuels; Membrane lipids; Synechocystis
Citation: Sahil Kapoor, Arup Giri, Pushpender Bhardwaj, Meenakshi Singh. 2023. Strategies for Improved Production of Microalgae-Derived Carotenoids and Pigments. In Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology: Emerging concepts in Microbial Technology Ed: Pradeep Verma (pp. 661-693). ISBN: 978-981-99-2816-3; Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore. Published: 09 July 2023;
Effects of Endocrine Toxicants on the Growth and Metabolism of the Thyroid Gland
Yogesh Singh, Preeti Kumari, and Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT Global human health is changing. This changing pattern is caused by a changing lifestyle, contaminated food, altered drinking water quality, etc. All these agents are severe enough to damage normal human physiology after disrupting most of the endocrine glands. The thyroid gland is responsible for the synthesis of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and tetra-iodothyronine (T4) in humans. These hormones mostly regulate metabolism. This study found that a lot of substances act as thyro-endocrine disruptors like Bisphenol A, flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyl (Dioxins, furans, polycarbonate plastics, and epoxy resins), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), perfluorinated compounds (Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorononanoate (PFNA)), pharmaceuticals (Phenothiazines, methimazole, propylthiouracil, amiodarone, alemtuzumab, and imatinib), palatable (Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), household materials (Benzophenone, benzhydrol, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), homosalate (HMS), 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), nonylphenol (NP), triclosan (TCS), heavy metals (arsenic, lead, cadmium, etc.) are disrupting normal function of thyroid gland.
Keywords
Citation: Yogesh Singh, Preeti Kumari, Arup Giri*. 2023. ‘Endocrine toxicants effects on thyroid gland and growth and metabolism’. In “Environmental Endocrine Toxicants; Biology, Effects and Management.” Eds: YA Hajam, RA Bhat, KR Hakeem, R Kumar. 32, ISBN: 9781003336426; Publisher: Apple Academic Press, USA; Published: 04 August 2023;
Arisaema Jacquemontii Blume, Jacquemont’s Cobra Lily
Arunima Kalita, Ankita Sharma, Arup Giri, Nitish Kumar, Shardulya Shukla, Rajendra Kumar Singh, Neha Kaushal, Shakshi Sharma & Pushpender Bhardwaj*
ABSTRACT This chapter’s objective is to give brief information on Arisaema jacquemontii which is a high-value medicinal plant. This chapter also includes its distribution, taxonomy, brief details about its morphology, and flowering seasons. In addition to this, some details have been provided related to its cultivation. This plant has some major phytoconstituents which belong to the flavonoids, alkaloids, campesterol, glycosides, terpenes, oxalates, phenols, n-alkanes, tannins, saponins, n-alkanols sitosterols, stigmasterols, coumarins, lectins, triterpenoids, etc. The parts of the plant, i.e., fruits, roots, and rhizome have been known to be used traditionally against issues such as worm infestations, fever, stomach problems, toothache, scabies, lung infections, and menstrual illness. This plant belongs to Araceae family and known to have multiple therapeutic uses besides its use as a food. It is used as an anthelmintic, in the curing of pulmonary infections, skin swelling or irritation, and as an antagonist for snakebites. In addition, the tuber of this plant treats chronic boils, ruptured wounds, pimples, blisters, cough, respiratory tract infection in cows and buffaloes, and other skin and kidney diseases of humans. These specific properties of this plant could make it a major contributor to industrial utilization of these plants for therapeutic and other beneficial uses. The medicinal values expressed by the genus have outlaid that it would play an extensive role in the modern industry of medicinal drugs as well as in therapeutics.
Keywords
Citation: Arunima Kalita, Ankita Sharma, Arup Giri, Nitish Kumar, Shardulya Shukla, Rajender Kumar Singh, Neha Kaushal, Shakshi Sharma, Pushpender Bhardwaj. 2023. Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Jacquemont’s Cobra Lily. In “Immunity Boosting Medicinal Plants of the Western Himalayas.” Eds: Dr. Ajay Sharma and Dr. Gulzar Ahmad Nayik. ISBN: 978-981-19-9501-9; Publisher: Springer; Published: 04 August 2023;
Termitomyces clypeatus and Termitomyces heimii
Akshya Sharma, Varuna Sharma, Arup Giri, Nitish Kumar, Pushpender Bhardwaj*
ABSTRACT
Termitomyces, a wild type of mushroom fed on by termites, shows a strong symbiotic association with termites both under and above ground. Their fruiting bodies (termatorium), digestive enzymes and secreted vitamins of Termitomyces serve as a food source to hosts. Globally, among 30 genetically diverse Termitomyces species, Termitomyces heimii and Termitomyces clypeatus, have been characterized based on their vast heterogenous phylogeny, morphological traits, habitat and phenotypical appearance, such as the shape of their perforatorium, stipe length (cm), pileus length, margin and color of fruiting body, gills, flesh, annulus, pseudorrhiza and spore print. Moreover, Termitomyces also contain novel bioactive compounds shown to have therapeutic antioxidant, immunomodulator, anti-rheumatic, antitumor, antimicrobial and neuromodulator properties. Therefore, Termitomyces have long been extensively used as human food and medicine. Thus, reports on these species serve as a baseline study to gather more information and aid their cultivation and benefit sustainable economic development of this area.
Keywords
Citation: Akshya Sharma, Varuna Sharma, Arup Giri, Nitish Kumar, Pushpender Bhardwaj. 2023. “Termitomyces clypeatus and Termitomyces heimii” in “Phytochemistry and Nutritional Composition of Significant Wild Medicinal and Edible Mushrooms: Traditional Uses and Pharmacology.” Eds: Dr. Ajay Sharma, Dr. Garima Bhardwaj, Dr. Gulzar Ahmad Nayik; ISBN: 978-1-83767-209-7; Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry; Published: 30 Aug 2023;
In 2022:(2 Chapters)
Use of microbiological agents in upgrading waste for feed and food
Neha Rani Bhagat, Arup Giri*.
ABSTRACT Dumping of waste products from different sectors is a big problem for our environment. Dumping of untreated waste may cause pollution. Nowadays, a lot of techniques are being executed for the treatment of waste products to develop new beneficial products for our society. Microbiological waste treatment has the potential to transform waste into feed and food-related product development. Pharmaceutical, agricultural, industrial, and agrochemical waste are being treated by different microbes like Lactobacillus sp., Pediococcus sp., Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Xanthomonas sp., Aspergillus sp., Trichoderma sp., Cryptococcus albidus sp., Xanthomonas citri, etc., for feed and food development. Therefore, this microbiological treatment is an excellent technology to convert food waste to feed products.
Keywords: Microbiological treatment; Pollution
Citation: Neha Rani Bhagat, Arup Giri*. 2022. ‘Use of microbiological agents in upgrading waste for feed and food’ in “Food Processing Waste and Utilization: Tackling Pollution and Enhancing Product Recovery.” Eds: Dr. Sanju, Dr. Ajay, Dr. Pradhyuman, and Dr. Rajesh. ISBN: 978-1-03206-294-5; Publisher: CRC Press; Published: 24 October 2022;
The Treatment of Dairy Industry Waste
Shalagha Sharma, Arup Giri, Neha Rani Bhagat, Rajesh Kumar, Tilak Raj*
ABSTRACT The dairy industry is one of the largest in the food industry, producing a diverse range of products including milk, milk powder, butter, and cheese. Meanwhile, every year, approximately 4 to 11 million tonnes of dairy waste are released into the environment worldwide, and approximately 275 million tonnes of dairy waste water annually in India. Dairy waste is the most complex natural material in terms of its biodegradation. All the waste is dumped into our environment without any treatment. Ultimately, pollution is occurring, and the health of our mother nature is going to deteriorate. This book chapter reveals the different treatment processes (physical, chemical, and biological) so that dairy waste may be converted into useful products. Still, a lot of studies should be conducted on both the application of anaerobic and aerobic treatment along with physico-chemical treatment for dairy waste management.
Keywords: Dairy industry, Dairy; Biodegradation; Environment; Pollution
Citation: Shlagha Sharma, Arup Giri*, Neha Rani Bhagat, Rajesh Kumar, Tilak Raj. 2022. ‘The treatment of dairy waste’ in “Food Processing Waste and Utilization: Tackling Pollution and Enhancing Product Recovery.” Eds: Dr. Sanju B Dhul, Dr. Ajay Kumar, Dr. Pradhyuman, and Dr. Rajesh Kumar. ISBN: 978-1-03206-294-5; Publisher: CRC Press; Published: 24 October 2022;
In 2021:(2 Chapters)
Selenium Toxicity in Domestic Animals
Arup Giri, Puneet Ranjan, Vijay K. Bhart*
ABSTRACT Selenium (Se), even though it is an important nutrient that animals require for better growth of the skeletal and cardiac muscle, reproductive, immunological response, etc., has now become toxic due to poisoning, selenium injection, fodders grown on selenium‐toxic land, and indiscriminate minerals supplementation feeding. As early as the 13th century, the toxicity of Se was reported for the first time by Marco Polo, who found hoof disease and hair loss in horses due to toxically high levels of Se accumulated from plant consumption. Drinking water sources have recently become another key factor in the incidence of selenium toxicity in humans and animals. The increased level of Se mainly caused three types of toxicity: acute, sub‐acute, and chronic toxicity. Animal poisoning is characterized as being acute, sub‐chronic, or chronic. Toxicity of selenium depends on its chemical form, sources, route and rate of administration, characteristics of animals, etc. Some species are more prone to selenium toxicity, e.g. horses are more susceptible than cattle. Now, after numerous pieces of research, it has been found that the sources of Se toxicity in livestock animals are soil, water, feed supplements, fodders grown on selenium‐rich soil, etc. Toxicopathology depends upon the selenium concentration in blood and organs, which varies from 1 to 5 ppm across all the livestock. Sub‐chronic and chronic Se toxicity causes pathological changes mainly in skeletal muscle, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney, as mostly Se is accumulated in these organs at a higher level. Histopathological changes in animals were reported, such as disrupted endocardium layer, diffuse hemorrhages in the lungs, parenchymal layer degeneration with focal necrosis in hepatic tissues, and nephritis. Preventive measurements such as the feeding of high protein‐rich feed, dietary sulfate, methionine supplement, linseed meal, sulfur‐containing materials spray‐on fodders grown in selenium‐rich soil, clean water, etc. may be applicable. Therefore, this book chapter discusses in detail the sources, Se toxicity mechanism in livestock animal body, as well as the probable preventive measurements required to attenuate the Se toxicity, leading to better health and higher production of the livestock animals and reduction of selenium in the human food chain through milk and meat intake.
Keywords: Selenium; Toxicity; Toxicopathology
Citation: Arup Giri, Puneet Ranjan, Vijay K Bharti. 2021. ‘Selenium toxicity in livestock animals: sources, toxicopathology and control measure.’ In “Selenium: An Emerging Water Pollutant.” Eds: Pooja Devi, Pardeep Singh, Arindam Malakar, Daniel Snow. p. 51-64. ISBN: 978-1-11969-356-7; Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; Published: 08 May 2021;
Nanotechnology for Detection and Removal of Heavy Metals From Contaminated Water
Neha Rani Bhagat, Arup Giri*
ABSTRACT The health of a nation depends upon the health of the ecosystem. In the current era, we witness the insult of nature like global warming and increased rate of tropical cyclogenesis. Changing climate has a significant impact on global hydrology. Plenty of water is present on our globe, but only 3% is consumable freshwater. Domestic sewage, industrial water pollution, population growth, pesticides and fertilizers, plastics and polythene bags, urbanization, ground pollution, and agricultural water pollution increased weathering process, causing the further shrinkage of freshwater quantity and quality. The research found that globally about 780 million people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water. Pollution of water is causing heavy metal contamination like Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), etc. Through the food chain, all these metals may bio-accumulate and may exert its toxic effect. Conventional methods are being used but are ineffective for wastewater treatment and purification, and removal of the pollutants is at an incomplete level. As an emerging technology, nanotechnology is the current developing sector for removing heavy metals from the water. In this modern era, to date, several nanotechnologies like carbon nanotubes, nanoscale metal, oxide, nanofibers with core-shell structure, nano-zeolites, nano-Ag, nano-magnetite, and dye-doped silica nanoparticles developed for the heavy metals remediation from the water body. In this context, this book chapter reveals the latest nanotechnology for heavy metal detection and removal from wastewater.
Keywords: Heavy metals, nanomaterials, nanotechnology, wastewater treatment
Citation: Neha Rani Bhagat, Arup Giri*. 2021. ‘Nanotechnology for detection and removal of heavy metals from contaminated water.’ In “Functionalized Nanomaterials for Catalytic Application.” Eds: Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, Sudesh K. Shukla, Bindu Mangla. ISBN: 978-1-11980-897-8; Publisher: Scrivener Publishing LLC, Willey; Published: 14 June 2021;
In 2020:(1 Chapter)
The Sustainable Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Crude Glycerol
Neha Rani Bhagat, Preeti Kumari, Arup Giri, Geeta Gahlawat*
ABSTRACT This chapter focuses on the use of crude glycerol, an inexpensive renewable feedstock, for the economical production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) polymers. Crude glycerol is a byproduct of many industrial bioprocesses, and surplus amounts of it are released into the environment as waste, thereby necessitating the search for appropriate methods of its disposal. An intriguing solution is the conversion of crude glycerol into value-added products, such as microbial PHA polymers. PHA are biodegradable, environmentally friendly thermoplastics and elastomers that can be potentially used for numerous applications in packaging, food, and biomedical industries. This chapter includes the source of origin, their composition, and the challenges of using crude glycerol as a substrate in white biotechnology. The present chapter mainly discusses recent research related to process optimization for the production of different types of PHA and their characterization using crude glycerol. It provides an insight into the metabolic-engineering-based strategies of glycerol-based PHA production. The effect of glycerol on the molecular mass of biopolyesters and their material properties are also discussed in detail.
Keywords: Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Biodegradable; White biotechnology
Citation: Neha Rani Bhagat, Preeti Kumari, Arup Giri, Geeta Gahlawat. 2020. ‘The sustainable production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from crude glycerol.’ In ‘The Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Microbial Biosynthesis and Feedstocks.’ Eds: Martin Koller. p. 221-255. ISBN: 978-0-42-929661-1; Publisher: Taylor & Francis Group. CRC Press. Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India; Published: 04 November 2020;
In 2019:(1 Chapter)
Sea Buckthorn and Apricot Based Nutraceuticals
Vijay K. Bharti, Sahil Kalia, Arup Giri & Bhuvnesh Kumar*
ABSTRACT A high-altitude environment is characterized by hypobaric hypoxia, extreme temperature variation, low humidity, intense ultraviolet radiation, low rainfall, and high wind velocity. These types of extreme climatic conditions can result in oxidative stress in animals. This stress leads to a marked increase in cellular dysfunction and a decline in the production of antioxidant defense molecules which affects health and productivity of livestock especially at high altitudes. Therefore, the veterinary clinician is required to induce an upregulation of antioxidants and in the immune system to ameliorate the oxidative stress. Currently, nutraceuticals are used in nutritional therapy to manage various disease conditions and to improve productivity of pets and livestock animals. Nutraceuticals refer to natural functional foods or bioactive phytochemicals that have health-promoting and disease-preventing properties. These nutraceuticals in general contain alkaloids, flavonoids, some vitamins, trace minerals, etc. Various studies have revealed that apricot seed cake, sea buckthorn leaves, fruit pomace, and fruit pulp are rich in phytomolecules which modulate the immune system and upregulate the antioxidant defense system in broiler chicken, sheep, and goats. This chapter discusses the value of nutraceuticals and the usefulness of apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) in broiler chicken health management and improvement of weight gain in high-altitude regions.
Keywords Biolistics; Herbivory; Natural Remedies; Natural Products; Nutritional Supplements; Proteins
Citation: Vijay K Bharti, Sahil Kalia, Arup Giri, Bhuvnesh Kumar. 2019. ‘Sea Buckthorn and Apricot Based Nutraceuticals. In ‘Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine’. Eds: Gupta R., Srivastava A., Lall R. p. 83-90. ISBN: 978-0-12-802147-7; Publisher: Springer, Cham. Published: 22 May 2019;
In 2018:(1 Chapter)
Effect of Melatonin as an Antioxidant in the Liver
Vijay K. Bharti, Arup Giri, Rajendra S. Srivastava*
ABSTRACT Melatonin, the hormone of darkness and messenger of the photoperiod, is also well known to exhibit strong direct and indirect antioxidant properties. This is important neuroendocrine secretion of pineal gland through mediation of suprachiasmatic nucleus. Melatonin has previously been demonstrated to be a powerful organ protective substance in numerous models of injury. These beneficial effects have been attributed to the hormone’s intense radical scavenging capacity and upregulation of cellular and extracellular antioxidant defense system. The present chapter reviews the hepatoprotective potential of this pineal hormone in various models of oxidative stress in vivo. Melatonin’s influence on hepatic antioxidant enzymes and other potentially relevant pathways, such as nitric oxide signaling, hepatic cytokine, and heat shock protein expression, are reviewed. Extensive studies show that melatonin may be a suitable therapeutic molecule to reduce liver damage after sepsis, hemorrhagic shock, ischemia/reperfusion, and in toxic liver injury.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Melatonin; Oxidative stress; Therapeutic molecule
Citation: Vijay K Bharti, Arup Giri, RS Srivastava. 2018. ‘Effect of melatonin as an antioxidant in the liver.’ In: The Liver: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants. editors: Vinood Patel, p. 229-238. ISBN: 978-0-12-803951-9; Publisher: Elsevier; Published: 13 April 2018;
